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"Dalam penelitian ini dikembangkan kolagen dan hidroksiapatit untuk rekayasa jaringan tulang dari limbah pengolahan ikan. Kolagen diekstraksi dari kulit salmon norway (Salmon salar) meggunakan metode Acid Soluble Collagen (ASC) sementara hidroksiapatit disintesis dari tulang ikan tuna dengan menggunakan metode kalsinasi pada suhu 600°C dan 800°C. Material dievaluasi untuk sifat fisika-kimia, kolagen dievaluasi dengan fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dan scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). Kolagen hasil ekstraksi memiliki morfologi dalam bentuk lembaran dengan yield 0,8%. Persentase karbon yang didapatkan dari kolagen yang diekstraksi adalah 47% dan termasuk dalam kelas standar, sementara persentase karbon/nitrogen yaitu 2,63% yang sedikit lebih rendah dari standar. Hidroksiapatit yang telah disintesis dievaluasi dengan fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), dan X-ray diffraction (XRD). Hidroksiapatit yang diperoleh setelah proses kalsinasi menunjukkan struktur yang serupa yaitu kristal bubuk. HAp yang dikalsinasi pada suhu 600°C dan 800°C tidak memiliki pita sesempit HAp standar, namun lebih sempit daripada HAp yang dikalsinasi pada suhu 600°C. Rasio atom Ca/P HAp 600°C dan 800°C yaitu 2,15 dan 2,01 secara berurutan. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kolagen dari kulit salmon dan hidroksiapatit dari tulang tuna memiliki kualitas baik dan aplikasi luas dalam rekayasa jaringan tulang.

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In this research, collagen and hydroxyapatite were developed for bone tissue engineering from fish processing waste. Collagen was extracted from the skin of Norwegian salmon (Salmon salar) using the Acid Soluble Collagen (ASC) method, while hydroxyapatite was synthesized from tuna bones using the calcination method at 600°C and 800°C. Materials were evaluated for physico-chemical properties, collagen was evaluated by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). The synthesized hydroxyapatite was evaluated by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Extracted collagen have a sheet looking morphology with yield of 0.8%. The percentage of carbon obtained from extracted collagen is 47%, while the percentage of carbon/nitrogen is 2.63% which is slightly lower than the standard. The hydroxyapatite obtained after the calcination process shows a similar structure which is powder crystals. HAp calcined at 600°C and 800°C did not have a band as narrow as standard HAp, although HAp calcined at 800°C had narrower bands than HAp calcined at 600°C. The atomic ratios of Ca/P HAp at 600°C and 800°C are 2.15 and 2.01 respectively. The research findings indicate that collagen from salmon skin and hydroxyapatite from tuna bones are expected to have broad applications in bone tissue engineering."

"Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, perawatan yang ditawarkan oleh klinik estetika seperti injeksi DNA salmon semakin populer. Bahan DNA salmon diklaim memiliki fungsi anti-aging dengan membuat kulit lebih kencang dan mengatasi hiperpigmentasi di kulit. Dokter dalam hal ini berperan penting sebagai pihak pemberi layanan di klinik estetika. Injeksi DNA salmon yang merupakan pelayanan estetika medis awamnya dinilai hanya dapat dilakukan oleh dokter spesialis dermatologi dan venereologi. Sebab, dokter spesialis dermatologi dan venereologi menempuh pendidikan spesialis tambahan. Kurikulum pendidikannya juga mencakup metode seperti subsisi, elevasi, microneedling yang biasa digunakan dalam estetika medis. Meskipun begitu, dokter umum juga dapat menangani permasalahan kulit. Ketika menempuh pendidikan dokter, dokter umum juga diwajibkan menguasai kurikulum kulit. Berdasarkan Standar Kompetensi Dokter Indonesia, tidak terdapat batasan bagi dokter umum dalam konteks pelayanan injeksi DNA salmon. Sedangkan bagi dokter spesialis dermatologi dan venereologi, terdapat Standar Kompetensi Dokter Dermatologi dan Venereologi Indonesia dengan area kompetensi yang lebih rinci yang berpengaruh ke kewenangan dokter spesialis dermatologi dan venereologi sebagai pemilik sertifikat kompetensi spesialis. Dalam peraturan perundang- undangan belum diatur secara jelas mengenai batasan kewenangan antara dokter umum dan dokter spesialis dalam pelayanan estetika medis. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal, penelitian ini akan membahas mengenai kompetensi dan kewenangan yang dimiliki dokter dalam pelayanan injeksi DNA salmon. Dari penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa kewenangan dokter umum dan spesialis masih bersinggungan ketika dihadapkan pada pelayanan estetika medis seperti injeksi DNA salmon. Batasan kompetensi dan kewenangan dokter dalam pelayanan estetika medis yang buram ini dapat dihindari dengan diaturnya mengenai estetika medis secara khusus.

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In recent years, treatments offered by aesthetic clinics such as salmon DNA injections have become increasingly popular. The salmon DNA ingredient is claimed to have an anti-aging function by making the skin firmer and overcoming hyperpigmentation in the skin. The doctor in this case plays an important role as the service provider at the aesthetic clinic. Salmon DNA injection, which is a lay medical aesthetic service, is considered to only be performed by dermatologists. This is because dermatologists undergo additional specialist education. The education curriculum also includes methods such as subsection, elevation, microneedling which are commonly used in medical aesthetics. However, general practitioners can also treat skin problems. During their medical education, general practitioners are also required to master the skin curriculum. Based on the Indonesian Doctors Competency Standards, there are no restrictions for general practitioners in the context of salmon DNA injection services. As for dermatologists, there are Indonesian Dermatology and Venereology Physician Competency Standards with more detailed competency areas that affect the authority of dermatology and venereology specialists as owners of specialist competency certificates. The legislation has not clearly regulated the limits of authority between general practitioners and specialists in medical aesthetic services. By using the normative juridical research method, this research will discuss the competence and authority of doctors in salmon DNA injection services. From this research, it is found that the authority of general practitioners and dermatologists still intersect when faced with medical aesthetic services such as salmon DNA injection. The blurred boundaries of competence and authority of doctors in medical aesthetics services can be avoided by regulating medical aesthetics specifically."