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"This study assesses the environmental and economic impacts of the immediate shutdownof all Japan's nuclear reactor fieet. For the assessment, we regard a gradual nuclear powerphase-out scenario as the basis for a 40-year operational time limit of plants as a reference sce-nario, A multi-regional, recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium model based onVersion 841 of the Global Trade Analysis Project database is constructed. The simulation re-sults indicate that an immediate nuclear shutdown increases CO2 emissions through an in-crease in fossil fuel electricity generation and decreases real GDP losses in Japan. From a sec-toral view, an immediate nuclear power shutdown has a negative impact on Japan's energy in-tensive and trade-exposed sectors. In addition, we find that an immediate nuclear shutdownhas a negative after-effect on the economy. This is caused by shrinking investment spendingduring the immediate nuclear power shutdown. Overall, we find that the Japanese economywould face significant economic and environmental impacts from an immediate nuclear powershutdown. However, our model does not incorporate potential negative costs associated withnuclear usage, such as the risk of a nuclear accident or the cost of final disposal sites for nucle-ar waste, which may be sizeable. To derive conclusions for Japanese energy policy, we mustconsider the potential negative costs of nuclear usage. The results of this simulation study rep-resent the first step in answering key questions on energy policy."

"The paper argues that differences between German and Japanese environmental politics during the 1990s are due to differences in the composition and working of the environmental policy-making networks in both countries. The main assumption is that the relatively proactive role of German environmental politics can be explained by a highly integrated pluralistic network, which includes all major actors in the environmental field. The paper explores this argument by focusing on the role NGOs play in the national environmental policymaking in Germany and Japan. It presents empirical data concerning the position of NGOs in the policymaking networks in both countries with regard to NGOs' resources and opportunities to shape environmental policies. The analysis of the data demonstrates that NGOs are still weak in the network in Japan while, in Germany, the big national NGOs are well integrated and are considered to play a significant role in the policy-making process. This comparison suggests that what accounts for their greatest difference is the availability of means of compensating for weak resources, which is considered to be much more favorable in Germany than in Japan."