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"So we have seen that the Breton Lay of 'Sir Orfeo' follows the conventions of medieval courtly-love poetry, except for one feuture,nwnely that hero and heroine are husband and wife. lhi s, however , i. s not an Innovation of the noet's;it was taken from the classical version of the story.Aa a story 'Sir Orfeo' is well told,although I suggest that the churacters,by virtue of the reasons postulated on pages 25 and 2o,ure flat.In the F'rankli n' a Tule,Chuucer has also used the earlier,he uses them in a different way.As a story the Franklin's Wale is also good,and in its plot,as has al-ready been ahown,each event has a cause;the characters especially that of Dorigene,can he said to he round; the supernatural element,?nagic,i.s explained in detail. The explanation might not be a scientific one,but at least it is explained, whereas in 'Sir Orfeo' it is not. The courtly-love conventions too are used to servo a certain purpose,nwnely to illustrate Chats cer's views about marriage relationships..."

"Wordsworth suppliod his Lyrical Ballads with sovoral Advortisoments and Prefaces, which were meant to serve as guides for the better under-standing of his poems. In this Thosis I have chosen to consider the 1800 Proface, or the Preface to the Second Edition of the Lyrical Ballads, because it contains Wordsworth's theories upon the principles of Poetry. Wordsworth and Coleridge planned to compose a volume of Poetry which would be different in its subject mattor and language from existing poems; it was to be free from conventional imagery and terminology. Coleridge's well known contribution to the Lyrical Ballads is the Ancient Marinor, which I shall not discuss in this Thesis. I have selected a fow of Wordsworth's poems from the Lyrical Ballas to illustrate my study of cortain aspects of tho 1800 Preface. These poems are Michael, The Idiot, Boy, The Thorn, The Brothers, and Resolution and Indopordonce. I have also taken some passages from The Prelude."

"Chaucer, Marlowe and Shakespeare all three wrote about the Jews in their respective times. Chaucer wrote about the Jews as they appreared to him and his contemporaries in the fourteenth century, Marlowe presented the Jews to us they were regarded by his contemporaries in the sixteenth century and Shakespeare too considered the position of the Jews in the same century as Marlowe, since the two later play wrights were contemporaries, Much, however, had happened in the period separating Chaucer from Shakespeare. Chaucer lived in an exclusively Roman Catholic age. The Pope still had power over both the English monarch as well as the English subject. An Englishman, therefore, owed allegiance to both the king and the Pope; one ruled over the temporal state, the other over the spiritual state. This was the state of affairs when Chaucer wrote his Prioress's Tale. Here he clearly showed his (and also his contemporaries') dislike of the Jews. The Jew was the enemy of the Church; he was an outlaw because he violated the law of the Church wich prolibited the lending out of money on interest..."

"The meaning of the term 'Romantic' is vague. People tend to use it as a definition for anything which has to do with indivi_dualism and emotionalism. In the field of literature people ge_nerally use this term to indicate the whole period of the 19th Century as a mere historical label to describe its imaginative literature. Poets of the early part of the 19th Century - early Romantics like Wordsworth, Keats and Shelley - as well as of the later part -- Victorians like Tennyson and Ross etti - are all classified under the term 'Romantics'. It is sigaifi cant that Graham Hough in treating this first group of poets calls his book The Romantic Poets and in treating the second, The Last Ronan-tics, and that Oswald Doughty entitles his critical biography of Rossetti A Victorian Romantic. So, if this loose term is worth using at all, a definition is certainly needed.In fact the term 'Romantic' has more than an historical sig_nificance; it can also denote the kind of work the 19th Century poets produced because they have some things in cocoon which are characteristic of their time. This essay attempts in the first place to define what these things are. I shall then show how this term 'Romantic' applies to Keats as a representative of the early Romantics on one hand, and to Rossetti as a representative of the Victorians on the other. By comparing their poetry I will show what similarities and diffe_rences there are in these two poets: similarities, which will justify the use of the same term 'Romantic', and differences which will indicate the development of Romanticism during the 19th Century.Of course it might be said, that any other two poets could have been chosen as representatives of earlier and later Roman-ticism of the last Century, but in my opinion Keats and Rossetti are the best examples since each is really typical of his own period_"

"It is sometimes thought that a comedy is a play which makes us shake with laughter and that a tragedy is a play at the end of which we will have swollen eyes and lots of wet handkerchiefs. This superficial idea of comedy and tragedy is only partly true, for a comedy is not only meant to excite laughter, nor is a tragedy merely performed to make us cry. Both comedy and tragedy, especially Shakespearian comedy and tragedy are written with a purpose other than that of making us laugh or weep. T he term Shakespearian indicates a play written by William Shakespeare of Stratford-on- Avon, and since drama is in Hamlet's words to hold the mirror up to Nature, to show virtue her own feature... it should help people to see them-selves as they really are. Drama should also reveal to them their virtues and vices.Comedy has been said to be beneficial because it:1.cures us of our follies by exposing them on the stage, 2. affords us a chance to laugh at our neighbours. Heywood, cited by Northrop Frye, defines the dual function of comedy as being to reform and to refresh, by which it is clear that, aside from evoking laughter, comedy also reforms. Comedy imi_tates the joys of social life and the follies of those who stubbornly try to maintain their own ridiculous ways against society. The joy of social life is usually manifested in a wedding or a happy reunion at the end of the play. The ten_dency of comedy is to include as many people as possible in its final society, the blocking characters are more often reconciled or converted than simply repudiated."

"We have now seen something of the state of religion in the time of Chaucer. All England was ostensibly Roman Catholic, but in the period under discussion many people had wandered away from the faith and strayed far from the Church and its rules. That Geoffrey Chaucer was aware of this can be guessed from the ironic way in which he delineates many of the religious figures in his Canterbury Tales..."

"Sesuai dengan tujuan skripsi ini, telah diterapkan unsur-unsur Romantisme terhadap Puisi Robert Frost. Dalam Bab 2 disampaikan perincian Konsep Romantisme yang mendasari penelitian ini. Sedang dalam Bab 3 telah dianalisis sejumlah sajak Robert Frost yang menurut penulis mengandung unsur-unsur yang tercakup dalam Konsep tersebut. Alam yang menjadi ciri utama sajak-sajak Romantik ternyata dominan dalam karya-karya Robert Frost. Sajak Birches yang berlatar tempat alam flora di pedesaan itu mengingatkan penyair akan keindahan dan kesucian masa kanak-kanak. Sedang keindahan dan kesegaran alam sendiri dideskripsikan penyair melalui sajak The Pasture."

"'The poet or the novelist can proceed as long as he has pen, ink, and paper, but the dramatist must have players, a stage, and an audience.' A good playwright, if he wants to be successful, must consider his audience. :arlowe'e and Shakespeare's audience was a very miscellaneous one. 'The average :_lieabethan audience ranged from noblemen, like the young Earl of Southampton, who were daily frequenters of playhouses, to the rabble of apprentice and cutpurecs, who cracked nuts and fought for bitten apples in the pit.' According to : ,en Joneon, a popular playwright had to present something which would: 'Be fit for ladies, some for lords, knights, 'squires; Some for your waiting wench and city wires; Some for your men and daughters of Whitefriare.' (Prologue to : picoene).13th '.arlowe and ,_;hakespeare tried to satisfy their own artistic impulse as well as the different tastes of their audience. A section among the audience, which was called the groundlings, had a great influence on the provision of the comic scenes in - arlowe' e and ahakespeare's tragedies, They were the less educated and less sophisticated masses among the playgoers. -`arce was very much appreciated by these people, even if it was in a tragedy. ='igures like .agner or the horse-courser in :'tau tue, the servants of L,enocrate and ,abina in ,Tanburlaine, or the gravediggers in Hamlet and the porter in ,:acbeth and :ad Tom in Lear were familiar to them from their daily lif..."

"Without the advice and stirmulance of Mr. H. leveling, my lec_turer on Comparative Literature, I should not dare to compare the English poet of poets, who is so world--famous and of whose life, poetry and letters is already so much written in all the English speaking countries in the world, with Amir Hamzah the Indonesian Radja Penjair. Though for the Indonesians the last is the king of poets, he is not nearly so well-known, as is also the Indonesi_an language. Keats's last wish is to engrava on his gravestone this epitaph: Here lies one, whose name is writ'in water.A name, _Writ_ in water disappears at the moment it is written. This deep humbleness of Keats has given ne, so to say, permission to write about and compare him as Romantic poet with Amir Hamzah.The water, in which Keats's name is written, has flown to all parts of the world, America, all parts of Europe, Australia, New Zealand, but it flows also to the Orient, to Indonesia, and here it meets Amir Hamzah. I have read and compared Keats's poems and that of Amir Harzah again and again; I have felt that there is so much similarity in their sense of beauty as Romantic poets, the way they look in natural beauty of things in nature, and artistic beauty, of human creations. It is the emotional nature of beauty, as it appeals to our senses, which I mean with the topic of my thesis_"