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"ABSTRAKTulisan ini membahas Gereja Katolik Roma ldquo;Gereja rdquo; sebagai aktor dalam ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Dengan mempergunakan metode studi kasus jamak, penelitian ini mengamati dinamika perlawanan global Gereja terhadap International Humanist and Ethical Union ldquo;IHEU rdquo; di tiga negara. Perlawanan yang terjadi bersumber dari kontestasi gagasan antara kedua aktor tersebut dalam isu-isu perceraian di Chile, kontrasepsi di Filipina, dan eutanasia di Inggris. Berdasarkan temuan pada penelitian ini, Gereja semesta melakukan perlawanan politik terhadap pengaruh IHEU dan agen-agen Humanisme tanpa melakukan mobilisasi terbuka, melainkan melalui jejaring gereja setempat yang dimilikinya. Gereja semesta tidak dapat mengadakan perlawanan politik terbuka karena terikat oleh Perjanjian Westphalia dan Perjanjian Lateran. Dengan mempergunakan sistem rantai komando yang kuat, Vatikan sebagai puncak otoritas gerejani mampu menggerakkan jejaring gereja lokal di bawah hierarkinya, termasuk untuk meresponi kebangkitan Humanisme.

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ABSTRACTThis paper assesses the Roman Catholic Church ldquo the Church rdquo as a political actor in International Relations. By employing multi locus case study, this research observed the dynamics of political contention between the Church and International Humanist and Ethical Union IHEU in three countries. The contention revolves around the ideational contests between the two actors, in issues ranging from divorce in Chile, contraception in the Philippines, to euthanasia in England. This research found that the universal Church is unable to directly conduct en masse open mobilisation in order to oppose the rise of global Humanist movement led by IHEU, due to prior Treaties of Westphalia and Lateran. As such, the Church has to be more clandestine, that is by employing her extensive network of local churches. By using her well established internal chain of command, the Vatican as the highest ecclesiastical authority within the Church rsquo s system, is capable of ensuring dogmatic compliance down the hierarchy, including in how they should react towards the rise of Humanism."

"This book explains the rules for interpretation of treaties and gives examples of their application in national and international jurisdictions. The rules of treaty interpretation codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties now apply to virtually all treaties which may be encountered in an international context and also within national legal systems where treaties have an impact on a large and growing range of matters. The rules of treaty interpretation differ somewhat from typical rules for interpreting legal instruments and legislation within national legal systems. Lawyers, and also some administrators, diplomats, and officials at international organisations, are increasingly likely to encounter issues of treaty interpretation which require not only knowledge of the relevant rules of interpretation, but also how these rules have been, and are to be, applied in practice. Now that the codified rules of treaty interpretation have been in force for some twenty-five years, there is a considerable body of case law on their application. This case law, combined with the history and analysis of the rules of treaty interpretation, provides a basis for understanding this most important task in the application of treaties internationally and within national systems of law. Any lawyer who ever has to consider international matters, and increasingly any lawyer whose work involves domestic legislation with any international connection, is at risk nowadays of encountering a treaty provision which requires interpretation, whether the treaty provision is explicitly in issue or is the source of the relevant domestic legislation. This book provides a guide to interpreting treaties properly in accordance with the modern rules."