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"This research, in isolation, will not inform effective solutions to health inequalities. Rethinking social epidemiology provides an expanded vision of social epidemiology as a science of change, one that seeks to better address key questions related to both the causes of social inequalities in health (problem-focused research) as well as the implementation of interventions to alleviate conditions of marginalization and poverty (solution-focused research). "

"Chronic diseases--cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease and diabetes--are not only the principal cause of world-wide mortality but also are now responsible for a striking increase in the percentage of sickness in developing countries still grappling with the acute problems of infectious diseases. This "double disease burden" poses demanding questions concerning the organisation of health care, allocation of scarce resources and strategies for disease prevention, control and treatment; and it threatens not only improvement in health status but economic development in the many poorer countries of the Asia Pacific region. This book presents an historical account of the development of the double disease burden in Asia and the Pacific, a region which has experienced great economic, social, demographic and political change. With in-depth analysis of more than fifteen countries, this volume examines the impact of the double disease burden on health care regimes, resource allocation, strategies for prevention and control on the wealthiest nations in the region, as well as the smallest Pacific islands. In doing so, the contributors to this book elaborate on the notion of the double disease burden as discussed by epidemiologists, and present real policy responses, whilst demonstrating how vital economic development is to the health of the nation. Health Transitions and the Double Disease Burden in Asia and the Pacific will be of great value to both scholars and policy makers in the fields of public health, the history of medicine, as well as to those with a wider interest in the Asia-Pacific region"--"

"Kerugian ekonomi akibat adanya gangguan kesehatan yaog dialami seseorang berdampak terhadap pembiayaan kesehatan pemerintah dao pengeluaran rumah tangga. Dalam periode tahun 2005-2006, jumlah kasus penyakit infeksi akut lain saluran pernafasao atas menempati posisi teratas dalam proporsi sepuluh penyakit terbesar di kota Jambi. Tahun 2005 sebaoyak 108.292 kasus (34,51 %) dao pada tahun 2006 sebaoyak 99.332 (32,75%). Untuk mencapai kesembuhan, seseorang yaog menderita sakit memerlukan tindakan pengobatan. Layaoao pengobatan yang dilakukan terhadap pasien, akao menimbulkao biaya pada provider selaku penyedia jasa layanan dan juga pada pasien yaog memanfaatkan jasa layanan. Biaya yang timbul pada sisi provider maupun pasien masing-masing diklasifikasikan sebagai biaya laogsung (drect cost) dan biaya tak langsung (indirect cost). Secara umum, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran tentang besarao biaya yaog ditimbulkan akibat sakit (cost of illness) untuk rawat jalao ISPA. Tujuao khusus penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh gambaran tentang : karakteristik responden dan pasien rawat jalao ISPA, besaran biaya langsung (direct cost) dan biaya tak langsung (indirect cost) pada sisi provider dan pasien yang melakukao kunjungan berobat untuk mencapai kesembuhan dalam satu periode sakit. Penelitian ini menggunakao desain studi analisis biaya, yaog dilaksanakao di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Simpaog rv Sipin pada bulao Jaouari s/d. Maret 2007, dengao jumlah sampel penelitiao 96 responden. Data yaog digunakao dalam penelitiao ini adalah data sekunder yaog diperoleh dari lokasi penelitiao serta data primer yaog diperoleh dari basil interview kepada responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkao bahwa jumlah responden terbaoyak berusia kuraog dari atau sama dengao 31 tahun. Sebagiao besar responden berjenis kelamin perempuao dao berstatus sebagai ibu rumah tangga yaog tidak memiliki penghasilao. Berdasarkao jenis kelarnin, pasien terbaoyak adalah laki-laki. Jumlah pasien terbanyak pada kelompok umur 13 - 36 bulao.Untuk mencapai kesembuhan dalam satu periode sakit, 80,21 % dari seluruh pasien masing-masing melakukan 1 kali kunjungan berobat, sisanya 19,79 % masing-masing melakukan 2 kali kunjlUlgan berobat. Jumlah klUljlUlgan berobat dalam satu periode sakit yang dilakukan oleh setiap pasien lUltuk mencapai kesembuhan, sangat berpengaruh terhadap besaran biaya yang menjadi tangglUlgan provider mauplUl biaya yang harus dikeluarkan oleh pasien. Semakin banyak jumlah klUljlUlgan berobat yang di1akukan oleh pasien maka akan semakin besar biaya yang timbul pada sisi provider mauplUl pada sisi pasien. Opportunity cost tetap ada pada biaya yang dikeluarkan oleh repondenlpasien dalam memanfaatkan layanan rawat jalan ISPA.Untuk kese1uruhan pasien, total biaya pada provider lebih besar dari total biaya pada pasien. Cost of illness pasien rawat jalan ISPA adalah Rp 2.316.259,45 dengan rata-rata Rp 24.127,70. Untuk pasien yang melakukan 1 kali kunjungan berobat, total biaya pada provider lebih besar dari total biaya pada pasien. Cost of illness pasien rawat jalan ISPA adalah Rp 1.597.144,85 dengan rata-rata Rp 20.742,14. Untuk pasien yang melakukan 2 kali kunjlUlgan berobat, total biaya pada provider lebih besar dari total biaya pada pasien. Cost of illness pasien rawat jalan ISPA adalah Rp 719.114,60 dengan rata-rata Rp 37.848,14.Saran yang dapat disampaikan adalah : Dinas Kesehatan Kota/Kabupaten serta sarana kesehatan pemerintah yang memberikan layanan pengobatanl perawatan perlu melakukan perhitlUlgan dan analisis biaya secara menyeluruh berdasarkan kegiatan dalam memberikan pelayanan. Puskesmas seyogyanya mempertahankan dan meningkatkan penerapan pola pelayanan pengobatan sesuai standar. Perlu dilakukan pengembangan model perhitlUlgan biaya ini ke dalam bentuk perangkat lunak komputer. Kepada peneliti lain diharapkan dapat melakukan penelitian serupa terhadap jenis penyakit lainnya.

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Economic loss due to health disorder experienced by patient have an impact to governmenthealth financing and household health expenditure. From 2005 to 2006 period, acute respiratory infection disease was in first place of top ten diseases in Jambi City. In 2005 there were 108.292 cases (34,51%) and in 2006 were 99.332 cases (32,75%). The patient needs medical care to recover from the illness. Medical service for patient will incur the cost upon the provider who provides the service and the patient who uses the service. The cost incurred upon both the provider and the patients are classified into direct cost and indirect cost.

The aim of this study was to describe the amount of the cost of illness for acute respiratory infection disease outpatient. The particular objectives were to describe characteristics of the participant and patient of acute respiratory infection disease outpatient, the amount of direct cost and indirect cost upon provider and the patient who performed medical visit to get recovery from the illness period.

This study used cost analysis design, carried out in Simpang IV Sipin Public Health Centre from January to March2007, with 96 participants. Datawere secondary data collected from study area and primary data obtained from interviewed participants.

The findings demonstrated that most patients were less or equal to 31 years old. Majority of them female and housewives. Base on gender the most patients were male. The most patients were in 13 -36 months age group.

To get recovery in one illness period, 80,21% of total patients performed once medical visit, the remaining patients did twice medical visit. The medical visit patient performs in one illness period to get recovery from the illness highly influence the amount of cost upon provider and the patient. The more visits patient has, the higher the cost required upon provider and the patient. Opportunity cost I remains upon the patients expenditures in using acute respiratory infection outpatient services.

For all patients, the total costs upon provider were higher than the total costs uponpatient. Cost of illness for acute respiratory infection out patient was. Rp 2.316.259,45 with Rp 24.127,70 on average. For the patients who did once medical visit, the total costs upon provider were higher than total costs upon patients. Cost of illness foracute respiratory infection out patient were Rp1.597.144,85withRp. 20.742,14 on average. For the patients who did twice medical visit, the total costs upon provider were higher than total costs upon patients. Cost of illness for acute respiratory infection outpatient were Rp 719.114,60 with Rp. 37.848,14 on average.

It is suggested that District Health and government health facilities that provide medical/nursing care are required to calculate and conduct cost analysis as a whole based on activities in providing services. Public Health Centre must maintain and improve medical service pattern application by standard. It is need to develop this cost calculation model into computer software. Further researchers are needed to do the similar study for other diseases."

"Penelitian ini mengkaji faktor-faktor yang terkait dengan pemrosesan informasi pesan kesehatan pada isu rabies di media sosial, khususnya Twitter dengan relevansi isu kesehatan sebagai variabel moderator. Topik ini penting untuk dikaji mengingat beberapa studi terdahulu belum membahas isu rabies dalam pemrosesan informasi, dan belum menguji bagaimana relevansi isu kesehatan berperan sebagai moderator. Penelitian ini mengadaptasi dua model yaitu Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) yang menjelaskan pemrosesan informasi, dan Health Belief Model (HBM) yang menjelaskan variabel kepercayaan kesehatan yang membentuk sikap individu, untuk mengkaji hubungan antara Kualitas Argumen Pesan, Kredibilitas Sumber Pesan, Persepsi Keparahan, dan Persepsi Kerentanan terhadap Sikap Terhadap Rabies. Studi dilakukan dengan metode survei terhadap pengguna Twitter yang pernah melihat setidaknya satu pesan rabies di Twitter sebelum penelitian dimulai. Temuan menunjukkan hubungan yang signifikan pada variabel Kredibilitas Sumber Pesan serta Persepsi Keparahan terhadap Sikap Terhadap Rabies, sedangkan Kualitas Argumen Pesan serta Persepsi Kerentanan tidak berhubungan signifikan dengan Sikap Terhadap Rabies. Lebih lanjut, Relevansi Isu Kesehatan tidak berperan signifikan sebagai moderator antara variabel independen dengan variabel dependen. Temuan penelitian ini berkontribusi memperluas literatur dan studi terkait pemrosesan informasi kesehatan di media sosial, serta memberikan saran kepada otoritas kesehatan di Indonesia dalam menyusun strategi komunikasi persuasi dan edukasi kesehatan kepada khalayak, khususnya di media sosial.

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This research examines factors related to the processing of health message information on the issue of rabies on social media, especially Twitter, with the relevance of the health issue as a moderator variable. This topic is important to study considering that several previous studies have not discussed the issue of rabies in information processing and have not tested how the relevance of health issues acts as a moderator. This research adapts two models, namely the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) which explains information processing, and the Health Belief Model (HBM) which explains health belief variables that shape individual attitudes, to examine the relationship between Message Argument Quality, Message Source Credibility, Perceived Severity, and Perception of Susceptibility on Attitudes Toward Rabies. The study was conducted using a survey method of Twitter users who had seen at least one rabies message on Twitter before the research began. The findings show a significant relationship between the variables Credibility of the Message Source and Perceived Severity on Attitudes Towards Rabies, while the Quality of Message Arguments and Perceived Susceptibility are not significantly related to Attitudes Towards Rabies. Furthermore, the relevance of health issues does not play a significant role as a moderator between the independent variable and the dependent variable. The findings of this research contribute to expanding literature and studies related to processing health information on social media, as well as providing advice to health authorities in Indonesia in developing communication strategies for persuasion and health education to the public, especially on social media."