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Penelitian ini mengekplorasi hubungan antara dua aspek penting bagi pembangunan ekonomi, yaitu tingkat partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan (TPAKP) and upah riil di Indonesia. Level TPAK di Indonesia terus mengalami peningkatan, tetapi upah rill justru menurun. Penelitian ini berasumsi bahwa keadaan ini terjadi karena mayoritas pekerja perempuan di Indonesia bekerja di industri yang rendah level produktivitasnya, sehingga membuat garis pasokan pekerja pada kurva ketersediaan tenaga kerja dan upah riil bergeser ke kanan, ke titik upah yang lebih rendah. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan teknik penelitian kuantitatif pada 30 provinsi di Indonesia periode 2002-2018, menggunakan regresi GLS dengan efek random. Data yang digunakan merupakan data sekunder yang berasal dari BPS-RI. Hasil analisis menemukan bahwa peningkatan level TPAKP di Indonesia membawa efek negatif pada tingkat upah riil per jam. Dengan kata lain, peningkatan jumlah tenaga kerja perempuan di Indonesia menyebabkan penurunan level upah riil per jam, baik untuk upah pekerja perempuan maupun laki-laki. Penemuan ini merupakan indikasi bahwa peningkatan partisipasi perempuan di pasar tenaga kerja sebaiknya diikuti dengan pekerjaan yang berkualitas bagi mereka. Oleh karena itu, kebijakan terkait peningkatan kesempatan kerja bagi perempuan di industri yang lebih produktif merupakan hal yang penting, termasuk kebijakan guna mengurangi hambatan-hambatan kerja bagi perempuan.

 

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This research explores the relationship between two essential aspects for economic development which are female labour force participation (FLFP) and the real wage in Indonesia. While the level of FLFP in Indonesia keeps increasing over time, the real wage decreases. This paper argues that this happens because most females work in less productive industries that makes the labour supply line shifts to the right and drives the wage to a lower level. Conducting in quantitative research for 30 provinces in Indonesia from 2002 until 2018, this paper uses Random-effects GLS Regression for panel data analysis. The data for this research is secondary data from BPS-Statistics Indonesia. This paper finds that the raising trend of FLFP in Indonesia has a negative effect on the hourly real wage. In other word, the raising of female labour supply in Indonesia generally worsens the hourly wage, both for female and male wage. This finding is an early warning that the high level of female participation in labour market should be followed by qualified job for them. Policies related to increasing job opportunity for women in more productive industries is vital, including dealing with some constraints that influence their time in the labour market.

 

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"Ketentuan pemutusan hubungan kerja terhadap pekerja dengan alasan kesalahan berat sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 158 Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan telah dinyatakan tidak berkekuatan hukum tetap melalui Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia Nomor 012/PUU-I/2003. Namun faktanya, ketentuan ini masih digunakan dalam Putusan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor 110/PK/PDT.SUS/2010. Dari penelitian yang menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dan jenis data sekunder ini, dapat disimpulkan beberapa hal. Pertama, berdasarkan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia Nomor 012/PUU-I/2003 juncto Surat Edaran Menteri Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi Republik Indonesia Nomor SE-13/Men/SJ-HK/I/2005, pemutusan hubungan kerja dengan alasan kesalahan berat memerlukan putusan pengadilan berkekuatan hukum tetap yang menyatakan pekerja terbukti melakukan kesalahan. Kedua, ketentuan kesalahan berat dalam Perjanjian Kerja Bersama PT. X adalah batal demi hukum karena melanggar Pasal 1320 Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata dan Pasal 124 ayat 2 Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan dimana ketentuan dalam Perjanjian Kerja Bersama PT. X telah bertentangan dengan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia Nomor 012/PUU-I/2003. Berdasarkan hal ini, putusan berkekuatan hukum tetap atas kesalahan pekerja harus terlebih dahulu diperoleh sebelum pengusaha melakukan pemutusan hubungan kerja. Serikat pekerja dan pengusaha juga harus menjalin kerjasama yang baik guna terciptanya perjanjian kerja bersama yang sah dan menguntungkan semua pihak.

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Dismissal provision because of serious mistake as stipulated in Article 158 of Law Number 13 Year 2003 has been declared not legally binding by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia Decision No. 012 PUU I 2003. In fact, this provision is still used in Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia Decision No. 110 PK PDT.SUS 2010. By using normative juridical research and secondary data, we can conclude several things. First, based on the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia Decision in conjunction with the Circular of the Minister of Manpower and Transmigration of the Republic of Indonesia No. SE 13 Men SJ HK I 2005, the dismissal because of serious mistakes requires a court decision which is legally binding stating the labour proven guilty. Second, serious mistakes provisions in Collective Labour Agreements PT. X is null and void because it violated Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code and Article 124 of Law Number 13 Year 2003 where it has been in contradiction with the Decision of Constitutional Court. Based on this, A court decision that is legally binding must be obtained before the employer do the dismissal. Labour unions and employer should establish good cooperation in order to create a valid and beneficial collective labour agreement."

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