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"This chapter analyzes the United States use of psychological warfare to win the hearts and minds of the people of Indonesia during the 1950s, and Iraq and Muslim majority countries in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. This chapter explains both the change and historical development of U.S. psychological warfare, the agencies involved, and the policy options at its disposal. It argues that the U.S. uses of psychological warfare without clear understanding of the domestic politics of the targeted country produced results that were not only harmful to the people of the country targeted but also to U.S. interests. Drawing from the past and present practices of U.S. psychological warfare this chapter seeks to identify the changes in U.S. psychological warfare, and the mistakes that the U.S. has made, as well as the type of challenges that it will face in the future."

"Peperangan di era modern menunjukkan karakteristik yang mengabur dan bercampur, baik dalam hal keterlibatan aktor dan/atau instrumen yang digunakan, membuat kita berkutat dalam zona abu-abu antara perang dan damai. Hal inilah yang tergambar dalam konsep perang hibrida dalam ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Konsep ini mengakomodasi unsur kapabilitas konvensional, formasi dan taktik tak reguler, teroris, dan aksi kriminal. Diperkenalkan pada tahun 2007 oleh mantan perwira Amerika Serikat, Frank Hoffman, konsep ini mendapatkan momentum puncaknya mulai tahun 2014. Kala itu, dunia internasional diramaikan oleh manuver politik Rusia dalam Krisis Ukraina. Sejak saat itu, konsep ini semakin sering dibahas secara akademis dan biasanya menyebutkan aksi Rusia sebagai contoh kasus utama. Namun, pendapat lain menyatakan bahwa konsep perang hibrida ala Barat ini dianggap kurang tepat untuk menjelaskan aksi Rusia yang demikian. Maka dari itu, muncullah konsep Gibridnaya Voyna atau perang non-linear ala Rusia, yaitu sebuah doktrin perang yang diilhami dari Jenderal Rusia bernama Valery Gerasimov (Doktrin Gerasimov). Kehadiran konsep perang hibrida dalam dua perspektif berbeda ini pun mendominasi perdebatan akademis arus utama. Sejak kemunculannya hingga sekarang, konsep perang hibrida ini terus diperdebatkan esensinya. Maka dari itu, tulisan ini dibuat dengan tujuan untuk meninjau bagaimana perdebatan literatur akan konsep tersebut berkembang. Tulisan ini meninjau 60 literatur terakreditasi internasional mengenai konsep perang hibrida. Menggunakan metode taksonomi, literatur-literatur tersebut terbagi ke dalam tiga kategori tematis, yaitu: (1) tinjauan konsep perang hibrida, berdasarkan sudut pandang Barat dan Rusia; (2) aktor-aktor yang terlibat dalam perang hibrida; dan (3) relasi perang hibrida dengan terma peperangan lainnya. Dari tinjauan pustaka yang dilakukan, tulisan ini lalu berupaya untuk menyingkap konsensus, perdebatan, serta kesenjangan literatur yang ada dalam perdebatan konsep tersebut. Selanjutnya, tulisan ini turut menampilkan sejumlah tren dalam perkembangan literatur konsep perang hibrida yang ada, seperti tren yang didasarkan pada: (1) latar belakang historis; (2) persebaran tema yang diangkat; (3) sudut pandang aktor; dan (4) posisi akademis. Dari identifikasi demikian, diketahui bahwa tinjauan konsep perang hibrida menjadi tema mayoritas dalam perdebatan literatur, dengan realisme sebagai paradigma yang paling dominan digunakan oleh para cendekiawan. Terakhir, tulisan ini menghadirkan beberapa rekomendasi bagi berbagai pihak ke depannya dalam konteks hadirnya konsep perang hibrida, baik dalam segi akademis, empiris, maupun praktis.

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War in the modern era shows blurred and blended characteristics, be it in terms of actors involvement and/or the instruments used, leaving us struggling in the grey zone between war and peace. This is what is reflected in the concept of hybrid warfare in International Relations. This concept accommodates the elements of conventional capabilities, irregular formation and tactics, terrorist, and criminal acts. Introduced in 2007 by former United States officer Frank Hoffman, this concept gained its peak momentum starting in 2014. At that time, the international world was enlivened by Russian political maneuver in the Ukraine Crisis. Since then, the concept has increasingly been discussed academically and usually cites Russian action as a prime case example. However, other opinions state that the Western concept of hybrid warfare is considered unsuitable to explain such Russian action. Therefore, the concept of Gibridnaya Voyna or Russian's non-linear warfare emerged, which is a war doctrine inspired by the Russian General named Valery Gerasimov (Gerasimov Doctrine). The presence of hybrid warfare concept in these two different perspectives dominated the mainstream academic debate ever since. Since its emergence until now, the very essence of hybrid warfare concept continues to be debated. Therefore, this paper aims to review how the literature debate about the concept has developed.

This paper reviews 60 internationally accredited literature on hybrid warfare concept. Using taxonomic methods, the literature is divided into three thematic categories, namely: (1) review of hybrid warfare concept, based on Western and Russian perspectives; (2) actors involved in hybrid warfare; and (3) the relation of hybrid warfare concept to other war terms. From the literature review conducted, this paper then seeks to unveil the conventional wisdoms, debates, and gaps found in the literature debate over the concept. Furthermore, this paper also shows a number of trends in the development of the existing literature of hybrid warfare concept, such as trends based on: (1) historical background; (2) distribution of themes raised; (3) actor's perspective; and (4) academic position. From this identification, it is known that the review of hybrid warfare concept is the majority theme found in the literature, with realism being the most dominant paradigm used by scholars. Finally, this paper presents several recommendations for various parties in the context of the hybrid warfare concept's existence, be it in academic, empirical, or practical sense."

"In Cyber Crime: All That Matters, Peter Warren and Michael Streeter outline the history, scale and importance of cyber crime. In particular they show how cyber crime, cyber espionage and cyber warfare now pose a major threat to society."