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"Tulisan ini menyajikan garis besar perkembangan antropologi hukum sejak munculnya karya H.Maine pada akhir abad ke-19 hingga masa kini. Dalam uraian tentang sejarah subdisiplin ini dari sudut pandang empiris-historis, penulis mengetengahkan adanya beberapa fase utama dalam perkembangan antropologi hukum beserta karakteristik pokoknya, yakni fase akhir abad ke-19, awal abad ke-20, dan akhir tahun 1960-an. Pada awal tulisannya, penulis menyatakan bahwa sejarah itu senantiasa mengalami perubahan-perubahan dan kesinambungan. Antropologi hukum juga bervariasi sepanjang sejarah perkembangannya. Dalam periode sejarah yang berbeda, berkembang asumsi-asumsi teoritis, minat perhatian, serta metode yang berbeda pula. Karena itu, patut dihindari adanya upaya pencarian untuk suatu sifat yang hakiki dan esensial dari antropologi hukum, serta interpretasi yang tepat "apakah" antropologi hukum itu. Penulis membahas pula hubungan antara antropologi hukum dan ilmu hukum, tema sentral dalam penelitian subdisiplin ini, perlunya kombinasi metode antara antropologi hukum dan sosiologi hukum walau tetap ada pembedaan bidang akademis diantara keduanya, dan relevansi praktis dari subdisiplin ini."

"Multitasking is one of the most challenging issues in the automation industry which is highly depen-ded on the embedded system. There are two methods to perform multitasking in embedded system: RTOS and primitive interrupt. The main purpose of this research is to compare the performance of R-TOS with primitive method while concurrently undertaking multiple tasks. The system, which is able to perform various tasks, has been built to evaluate the performance of both methods. There are four tasks introduced in the system: servo task, sensor task, LED task, and LCD task. The performance of each method is indicated by the success rate of the sensor task detection. Sensor task detection will be compared with the true value which is calculated and measured manually during observation time. Observation time was varied after several iterations and the data of the iteration are recorded for both RTOS and primitive interrupt methods. The results of the conducted experiments have shown that, RTOS is more accurate than interrupt method. However, the data variance of the primitive interrupt method is narrower than RTOS. Therefore, to choose a better method, an optimization is needed to be done and each product has its own standard.Multitasking adalah salah satu tantangan besar dalam industri otomasi yang sangat bergantung pada embedded system. Untuk melakukan multitasking pada embedded system, terdapat dua metode utama, yaitu RTOS dan primitive interrupt. Tujuan utama dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membandingkan kinerja metode RTOS dengan primitive interrupt ketika mengerjakan banyak pekerjaan secara ber-samaan. Sistem yang mengerjakan beragam pekerjaan dibuat untuk mengevaluasi kinerja dari kedua metode. Terdapat empat pekerjaan yang diberikan kepada sistem, motor servo, sensor ultrasonik, LED, dan LCD. Kinerja dari metode diindikasi oleh keberhasilan sensor ultrasonik untuk mendeteksi objek yang bergerak. Hasil deteksi sensor ultrasonik akan dibandingkan dengan nilai sebenarnya yang diperoleh dari perhitungan dan pengukuran manual selama waktu pengamatan. Waktu pengamatan akan diubah setelah dilakukan iterasi dan data dari setiap iterasi akan dicatat untuk metode RTOS dan metode primitive interrupt. Berdasarkan eksperimen yang dilakukan, RTOS lebih akurat apabila dibandingkan dengan metode primitive interrupt. Akan tetapi, varian nilai dari primitive interrupt lebih sempit dibanding dengan RTOS. Oleh karena itu, untuk menentukan metode yang lebih baik, optimisasi perlu dilakukan karena setiap produk mempunyai standar masing-masing."

"This article compares Indonesia legal system and Malaysian legal system. The government legalized Islamic law in national legislations, which are in effect for Muslim people. To facilitate dispute settlement, there is a religious court to solve Islamic dispute based on Islamic law. The existence of Islamic law in Indonesia and Malaysia has similarity and differentiation. The similarties among others are: the Muslim-majority in both countries pushes the government to put Islamic law into force, Islamic law must be written into constitution or legislation. It is needed to have legal basis when performing Islamic law, the existence of religious court is very important in dispute settlement related to Islamic law. The influence of western legal system is very strong in national legal system. Nevertheless, the western legal system differs substantially from Islamic legal system, and Islamic law was implemented limitedly based upon western legislation. It was limited to family law. While the differentiations are: the way of implementation of western legal system into national legal system and the form of legislation. Indonesia has one legislation, which is in effect to all of Indonesia people. On the contrary, Malaysia has many enactments, which are different from one to another in each negeri."

"Comparative scholarship on judicial review has paid a lot of attention to the causal impact of politics on judicial decision-making. However, the slower-moving, macro-social process through which judicial review influences societal conceptions of the law/politics relation is less well understood. Drawing on the political science literature on institutional change, The Politico-Legal Dynamics of Judicial Review tests a typological theory of the evolution of judicial review regimes - complexes of legitimating ideas about the law/politics relation. The theory posits that such regimes tend to conform to one of four main types - democratic or authoritarian legalism, or democratic or authoritarian instrumentalism. Through case studies of Australia, India, and Zimbabwe, and a comparative chapter analyzing ten additional societies, the book then explores how actually-existing judicial review regimes transition between these types. This process of ideational development, Roux concludes, is distinct both from the everyday business of constitutional politics and from changes to the formal constitution."