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"The information about bird community and response guild of each species are required for calculating the ecosystem health in Nusa Penida Island. At present time, the facts about bird species in the island has been known but not the response guild. Respose guild considered necessary to construct a Bird Community Index, thus we can make judgement on the ecosystem health in that region. Base of this research is animal ecology and ecological indicators. The aims are to develop a regional index of biotic integrity based on bird community composition, apply the index to a probability-based sample of field sites to verify the proportion of the study area exhibiting various categories of biotic integrity, determine the combination of landscape configuration and local vegetation variables that are associated with different levels of biotic integrity, and to verify the bird community index with independent data collected from the same sample locations. The research was held on two parts, from March -May and July - September 2010 on Nusa Penida Island. This study is classified as a non-experimental study. Point count along the transect was used to collect the information of bird community. The Landsat satellite imagery was personalized by supervised method and overlay with sampling points coordinat. The image was enhanched by buffered the sampling points coordinat 500 m that intersect with landscape configurations to reveal the proportion of land cover type each sampling points. The enhanched imagery was done using ArcGIS 9.3. Linear regression by stepwise method was used to identify the association along with land cover category and bird community. Statistic calculations were counted using SPSS 17.0. The instruments are binocular [Bushnell] 10 x 50, GPS [Garmin 76 CSX], rollmeter, digital camera [Sony DSC P-150], watch, field guide book, note book, pencil, and an image from Landsat satellite path 116 row 66. The result for bird community on first part of the research are eleven sites classified as high integrity, thirty five sites as moderate integrity, and five sites as low integrity. On the second part of the study showed that four sites as highest integrity, twenty three sites as high integrity, and twenty four sites as moderate integrity. Nevertheless, not all land cover and vegetation variables were significant different on each integrity category. The conclusions are bird community index in Nusa Penida Island devided into three category, high, moderate, and low; there is a connection between bird community index and disturbance levels; the BCI that used to rank the environmental condition appropriate to land cover in that area; and landscape configuration combination has relationship with every level of biotic integrity."

"The Proper Pirate: Robert Louis Stevensons Quest for Identity explores the nineteenth-century author Robert Louis Stevensons psychological journey from a constricted and religious family of Scottish engineers to a life of imagination and adventure that culminated in the South Seas island of Samoa. Drawing on contemporary theories of identity development, the author traces how Stevenson overcame Victorian dualities of piety versus passion in his personal life and artistic works, gradually edging toward a more modernist and complicated moral vision. This first full-length psychobiographical analysis of Stevenson follows the trajectory of his life, while highlighting how key memories and conflicts within his personality shaped the narrative structure and themes of his most celebrated works, Treasure Island, A Childs Garden of Verses, Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and Kidnapped. Stevensons relationships to his parents, wife, Fanny, and circle of intimate friends also play a prominent role in this investigation of his emerging identity and artistic work. Drawing on Stevensons extensive volumes of correspondence, personal memoirs, essays, novels, stories, and poems, as well as historical documents, multiple biographies, and critical studies, the author uses his background as a clinical psychologist and researcher in personality science to provide new insights into Stevensons psychological development. In doing so, he helps to unlock the mystery of how a sickly youth confined to the land of the counterpane grew up to become the author of some of the worlds most beloved and enduring works of adventure and fantasy."

"Penelitian mengenai komunitas burung pada habitat kebun karet di Universitas Indonesia sudah pernah dilakukan sebelumnya. Setelah beberapa tahun, UI telah banyak berubah akibat pembangunan infastruktur dan diduga dapat mempengaruhi komunitas burung di habitatnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan dampak pengurangan lahan pada kebun karet terhadap komunitas burung yang terdapat di kawasan UI. Pengambilan data burung dilakukan di empat subtipe habitat kebun karet dengan menggunakan metode point count yang dilakukan pada waktu pagi, siang, dan sore. Penentuan jumlah unit sampling dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kurva. Hasil penelitian mencatat 16 jenis burung dari 12 suku di habitat kebun karet. Terdapat perubahan komposisi jenis yang menyusun habitat kebun karet, dimana hanya terdapat 6 jenis yang sama dengan penelitian Pradana 2007 dari 16 jenis burung yang ditemukan. Indeks keanekaragaman mengalami kenaikan dari penelitian sebelumnya yaitu dari 2,02 menjadi 2,06 dengan indeks kemerataan yang dikategorikan ke dalam kategori cukup merata yaitu sebesar 0,75. Terjadi perubahan jenis burung yang dominan dibandingkan penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya dimana jenis burung yang dominan pada penelitian ini adalah Collocalia linchi, Pycnonotus aurigaster, Dicaeum trochileum, Nectarnia jugularis, Hirundo sp., Passer montanus, dan Pericrocotus cinnamomeus. Subtipe 1 dan 2 serta penelitian pada tahun 2007 dengan penelitian ini 2016 memiliki nilai indeks kesamaan jenis Sorensen terendah. Sedangkan subtipe 2 dan 3 serta penelitian pada tahun 1989 dengan penelitian ini 2016 memiliki nilai indeks kesamaan jenis Sorensen tertinggi. Tidak ada korelasi antara luas lahan subtipe dengan jumlah jenis yang ditemukan pada habitat kebun karet.

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Previously, the study about bird community which habits rubber plantation in Universitas Indonesia, Depok has done several times. Several years later, UI has built some infrastructures that might affect population of the bird community. Therefore the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the land reduction of rubber plantation to the bird community.

The method used to survey the bird was point count in 4 subtype of rubber plantation in UI which was done in the morning, afternoon, and evening. The number of sampling units was determined by curve method. A total number of 16 species from 12 families were found. The composition of species in rubber plantation have been changed, which only 6 of 16 species found is similar with Pradana 2007.

The diversity index was increased from 2,02 in Pradana 2007 to 2,06 in this study and the evenness index was 0.75, showing the distribution of the birds is spread evenly. The dominant species of birds compared to previous studies have been changed, which the dominant species of birds in this study is Collocalia linchi, Pycnonotus aurigaster, Dicaeum trochileum, Nectarnia jugular, Hirundo sp., Passer Montanus, and Pericrocotus cinnamomeus.

Subtype 1 and 2 as well as research in 2007 with this study 2016 has the lowest index value of the similarity. While, subtypes 2 and 3 as well as research in 1989 with this study 2016 has a highest index value of the similarity. There was no correlation between the land area with the total bird species found in rubber plantation."

"ABSTRAKPesatnya pembangunan segala bidang di kota Jakarta berakibat kepada peningkatan jumlah penduduk. Untuk melayani aktivitas penduduknya yang sudah terlanjur banyak, Jakarta terpaksa meningkatkan pembangunan fasilitas fisik pada ruang-ruang terbuka hijau kota (RTH kota). Dampak yang ditimbulkan adalah berkurangnya volume serta kualitas RTH kota, sehingga dikawatirkan dapat menurunkan daya dukungnya terhadap lingkungan. Seperti diketahui bahwa salah satu komponen penting bagi keberlanjutan ekosistem perkotaan adalah satwa liar, terutama burung. Namun dengan timbulnya masalah fragmentasi RTH serta ketidaksesuaian penataan vegetasi bagi satwa liar perkotaan, maka perlu dilakukan penelitian terhadap kondisi persebaran burung. Penelitian juga ditujukan terhadap kondisi vegetasi koridor hijau jalan yang diharapkan dapat membantu persebaran burung ke seluruh wilayah kota Jakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kondisi burung dan vegetasi di lokasi pengamatan; mengetahui hubungan antara jenis burung dan jenis vegetasi dengan tingkat frekuensi yang sama; mengetahui koefisien komunitas burung dan vegetasi; mengetahui hubungan antara kepadatan vegetasi dengan kepadatan komunitas burung; mengetahui pengaruh kepadatan kendaraan bermotor dengan kepadatan komunitas burung dan mengetahui pola hijau dalam kota yang dapat mendukung persebaran burung. Hipotesis yang diuji dalam penelitian ini adalah terdapatnya hubungan antara jenis vegetasi dengan jenis burung dengan tingkat frekuensi yang sama; semakin jauh jarak antara dua lokasi maka koefisien kesamaan komunitas burung semakin kecil; terdapat hubungan antara tingkat koefisien kesamaan komunitas vegetasi dengan tingkat koefisien kesamaan komunitas burung; terdapat hubungan antara tingkat kepadatan vegetasi dengan tingkat kepadatan burungnya; terdapat hubungan antara kepadatan kendaraan bermotor dengan kepadatan komunitas burung. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di 3 sumber biota yaitu Senayan, Taman Monas, Hutan Mangrove Kemayoran dan di 10 titik koridor yaitu Sudirman-1, Sudirman-2, Kendal, Suropati, Teuku Umar, Cut Meutia, Wahidin, Gunung Sahari, Angkasa dan Benyamin Sueb. Pemilihan lokasi-lokasi ini selain disebabkan karena ke 3 sumber biota tersebut berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya merupakan sumber burung, juga disebabkan karena koridor yang menghubungkan telah ditetapkan oleh Pemda DKI Jakarta sebagai koridor persebaran burung. Data yang diambil di sumber biota adalah jenis dan jumlah jenis vegetasi, jenis, jumlah jenis dan jumlah individu burung. Pengambilan data dengan metode jelajah (cruissing). Di titik koridor diambil jenis, jumlah jenis, jumlah individu burung dan vegetasi. Pengambilan data burung dengan metode point count. Analisis data menggunakan rumus rumus 'frekuensi', 'koefisien kesamaan komunitas' dan 'kepadatan biota' (Brower dkk, 1990). Hasil pembahasan dan sekaligus merupakan kesimpulan adalah sebagai berikut : 1. Burung yang ditemukan di seluruh lokasi pengamatan sebanyak 47 jenis. Di Kemayoran sebanyak 37 jenis, Taman Monas 24 jenis, Senayan 15 jenis dan di seluruh titik koridor sebanyak 20 jenis. Burung yang rempunyai persebaran luas (frekuensi tinggi) dan kepadatan individu tertinggi adalah jenis Burung gereja, Kutilang dan Cabean merah. 2. Di seluruh lokasi pengamatan ditemukan vegetasi sebanyak 95 ,jenis. Di sumber biota Senayan 65 jenis, Taman Monas 61 jenis, Kemayoran 42 jenis dan di seluruh titik koridor sebanyak 27 jenis. Vegetasi yang mempunyai jumlah indvidu tertinggi adalah Mahoni, yaitu 237 pohon dari 423 pohon yang tercatat di 10 lokasi pengamatan. 3. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara jenis vegetasi dengan jenis burung pada tingkat frekuensi jenis yang sama, hal ini hipotesis ditolak. 4. Semakin jauh jarak antara dua Iokasi, koefisien kesamaan komunitas burung semakin kecil, hal ini hipotesis diterima. 5. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara tingkat koefisien kesamaan komunitas vegetasi dengan tingkat koefisien kesamaan komunitas burungnya, hal ini hipotesis ditolak. 6. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara tingkat kepadatan vegetasi dengan tingkat kepadatan burungnya, hal ini hipotesis ditolak. 7. Terdapat pengaruh tingkat kepadatan kendaraan bermotor terhadap kepadatan burung, hal ini hipotesis diterima. 8. Pola koridor hijau kota yang dapat mendukung persebaran burung adalah yang ditunjang dengan blok-blok penghijauan di sekitarnya, dengan jenis dan stratifikasi tajuk vegetasi yang heterogen.

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ABSTRACTThe development of infrastructure in Jakarta causes increase in urban population. The Government inevitably has to provide physical facilities on the green open space. The effects on green area has been reducing its quantity and quality especially the green area carrying capacity. As we have known that one of the significant components for long-term natural sustainability is wildlife such as population of birds in the city. Green open space fragmentations and unsuitable vegetation arrangements are considered responsible for the existing bird populations in the city and needed to review in order to provide a much better green open space in Jakarta. The purpose or this study was to observe present condition of birds and vegetation and the relationship of both organisms with the same frequency and to measure community similarity of both communities. The purpose of this study was also to find out the relationship between birds and vegetation densities; the effect of vehicle density on birds density. Moreover, observation of the green corridor pattern in the city which supports the dispersal of bird population was also made. The hypotheses were measured in many ways; there were relationship between vegetation and birds with the same frequency; the longer distance of their locations, the smaller coefficient of community similarity of the birds. There were relationship between the vegetation and birds coefficient of community; there were relationship between the vegetation and birds densities; there were relationship between the vehicle and birds densities. The research has been conducted at three bird sources : Senayan, Monas, Hutan Mangrove and ten corridors : Sudirman-1, Sudirman-2, Kendal, Suropati, teuku Umar, Cut Meutia, Wahidin, Gunung Sahari, Arigkasa and Benyamin Sueb. Data taken from the sources were : the species and the number of vegetation; the species and the number of birds individual. The method used was " cruising". The number of vegetation and bird individuals were counted by Point Count Method at 10 corridors. The data were analyazed to measure the "frequency", "coefficient of community similarity" and' biotic density" following Brower et al. (1990). The results showed that : 1. There were 47 species of birds at bird sources; consist of 37 species at Kemayoran, 24 species at Taman Monas, 15 species at Senayan. There were 20 species of birds at entire corridors. The bird which dispersed widely (or had high frequency) and had high population density were Burung Gereja, Kutilang and Cabean Merah. 2. The research found 95 species of plants in the study areas, consist of 65 species at Senayan, 61 species at Taman Monas, 42 species at Kemayoran and at 10 corridor therewere 27 species of plants. The most abundance plant species was Mahoni found at ten locations of the study areas, in which 237 of 423 trees had recorded. 3. There was no relationship between vegetation and birds with the same frequency. So that the hypotheses was rejected. 4. The longer distance of both locations, the lower coefficient of similarities of the bird community. Hypotheses was accepted. 5. There was no relationship between coefficient of community similarities of vegetation and birds. Hypotheses was rejected. 6. There was no relationship between density of vegetation and birds. Hypotheses was rejected. 7. There was a relationship between density of vehicles and birds. Hypotheses was accepted.

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"Keanekaragaman burung di suatu wilayah menjadi perhitungan dalam peran burung sebagai bioindikator. Penelitian mengenai keanekaragaman burung di hutan kota di Pontianak telah dilakukan, khususnya di Arboretum Sylva Universitas Tanjungpura. Meskipun demikian, masih sedikit penelitian mengenai keanekaragaman burung di Pontianak dan di luar Arboretum Sylva Untan. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk membandingkan komposisi jenis burung di Arboretum Sylva Untan dan Pendopo Gubernur Kalimantan Barat sebagai pembanding, serta menganalisis perbedaan keanekaragaman burung di dua hutan kota berbeda beserta faktor penyebab perbedaannya. Pengamatan dilakukan pada pagi dan sore hari dengan metode point count. Data yang dianalisis berupa indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener, indeks kemerataan, dan indeks dominansi. Dilakukan uji t Hutchinson terhadap indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener kedua lokasi. Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu jenis-jenis burung yang ditemukan di Arboretum Sylva Untan dan Pendopo Gubernur Kalimantan Barat memiliki perbedaan. Kedua lokasi memiliki jumlah jenis Passer montanus tertinggi. Terdapat beberapa jenis yang hanya teramati di Pendopo Gubernur Kalimantan Barat, yaitu Anthreptes malacensis, Eurystomus orientalis, dan Amaurornis phoenicurus. Jenis Anthreptes rhodolaemus, Geopelia striata, dan Dinopium javanense hanya teramati di Arboretum Sylva Untan. Hasil uji t Hutchinson kedua lokasi pengamatan menunjukkan nilai indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener yang signifikan berbeda, dengan nilai indeks tertinggi ditemukan di Pendopo Gubernur Kalimantan Barat. Hal tersebut kemungkinan disebabkan karena banyaknya orang yang berlalu lalang di lokasi pengamatan serta preferensi habitat jenis-jenis burung yang bermukim.

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Bird diversity in a region can be counted as bioindicator to measure environment. Research about bird diversity in Arboretum Sylva Universitas Tanjungpura as one of the urban forest in Pontianak has been accomplished, but there is still only a few of the research. Bird diversity research in Pontianak outside Arboretum Sylva Untan has yet to be accomplished. This paper is written to report comparison of bird species composition in Arboretum Sylva Untan and Pendopo Gubernur Kalimantan Barat, and to analyze the differences of bird diversity in both locations and what factors influence the difference. Observation is done in morning and evening with point count method. Analyzed data includes Shannon-Wiener index diversity, evenness index, and dominance index. Hutchinson t test based on Shannon-Wiener diversity index is used to calculate how significant the difference between Arboretum Sylva Untan and Pendopo Gubernur Kalimantan Barat. The result is bird composition in both places have differences, despite both of place owns high numbers of Passer montanus. There are some species only observed in Pendopo Gubernur Kalimantan Barat; Anthreptes malacensis, Eurystomus orientalis, and Amaurornis phoenicurus. Some species unique to Arboretum Sylva Untan are Anthreptes rhodolaemus, Geopelia striata, and Dinopium javanens. Result of Hutchinson t test shows that both locations have different Shannon-Wiener diversity index, with Pendopo Gubernur Kalimantan Barat has the highest index. The result may occur because of few people found in Pendopo Gubernur Kalimantan Barat. The habitat preference of birds also influences the composition of birds observed in both locations."