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"Prevalensi lansia KEP dipanti lebih tinggi daripada lansia di non panti, dan prevalensi tersebut mencapai 32.97% pada panti sosial milik pemerintah di DKI Jakarta. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai sejauhmana pengaruh kenaikan berat badan melalui pemberian biskuit tempe kurma dan biskuit mocaf koro kurma pada lansia KEP di Panti Sosial TresnaWerdha (PSTW) Budi Mulia 1,2, 3 dan 4 DKI Jakarta. Desain penelitian adalah quasi eksperimental dengan teknik pengukuran single blind. Responden dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 42 lansia terdiri dari 21 kelompok perlakuan I yang diberi biskuit tempe kurma dan 21 lansia kelompok perlakuan II yang diberikan biskuit mocaf koro kurma dengan kriteria inklusi yaitu berusia 60 tahun ke atas, memiliki indeks massa tubuh < 18,5 kg/m², dan ≥6 bulan sebagai penghuni panti. Dilakukan pengukuran antropometri sebelum dan sesudah intervensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan berat badan sebelum dan sesudah intervensi selama 1 bulan pada kelompok perlakuan I sebesar 0.68 kg (p<0.05). Terdapat peningkatan dan perubahan yang signifikan rata-rata asupan zat gizi makro setelah intervensi pada 2 kelompok perlakuan. Kenaikan berat badan tertinggi terjadi pada klasifikasi IMT 16.00-16.99 dengan peningkatan rata-rata 0.83 kg.

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The prevalence of PEM elderly in nursing homes higher than in non-nursing homes, and the prevalence reached 32.97% on a government-owned social houses in Jakarta. This study aims to assess how much the weight gain effect through the provision of dates-tempeh biscuits and also dates cassava modified and canavalia ensiformis biscuits .PEM in the elderly Social Institution Tresna Werdha (PSTW) Budi Mulia 1,2, 3 and 4 of Jakarta.The study design was quasi-experimental with single-blind measurement techniques. The respondents amounted to 42 elderly that consist of 21 in treatment group I whom were given dates-tempeh biscuits and 21 elderly in treatment group II that were given cassava modified and canavalia ensiformis mixed with dates biscuits, with inclusion criteria are 60 years and over, have a body mass index < 18.5 kg / m² and ≥ 6 months as nursing residents. Anthropometric measurements were taken before and after the intervention. The results show an increase in body weight before and after the intervention for 1 month in the treatment group I was 0.68 kg (P <0.05).There is growth and significant changes, averages macro nutrient intake after the intervention in the treatment groups. The highest weight gain occurread in the classification of PEM 16-00-16-99 with average increase 0.83 kg."

"Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is believed to lead to an increased susceptibility to infection, or cause impaired immunity. Infection, occurring with malnutrition, is a major cause of morbidity in all age groups and is responsible for two-thirds of all death under 5 yr of age in developing countries. Many cells of the immune system are known to depend for their function on metabolic pathways that employ various nutrients as critical factors. The most consistent changes in immune competence in PEM are in cell-mediated immunity, the bactericidal function of neutrophils, the complement system, the secretory immunoglobin A, and antibody response."

"Negara-negara membutuhkan sejumlah besar energi untuk pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berkelanjutan. Seperti disebutkan oleh Administrasi Informasi Energi AS, total konsumsi energi dunia diperkirakan akan meningkat dari 575 kuadriliun Btu pada 2015 menjadi 736 kuadriliun Btu pada 2040, atau meningkat 28% (IEO 2017).Namun, terbatasnya sumber daya energi tak terbarukan, dan konsumsi dengan jenis energi tersebut menyebabkan permasalahan lingkungan yang paling utama di dunia. Untuk menyeimbangkan antara kebutuhan energi dengan masalah lingkungan, menggunakan energi terbarukan adalah salah satu pilihan terbaik bagi banyak negara. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan membahas hubungan jangka panjang konsumsi energi terbarukan dengan output, emisi polutan dan perdagangan internasional. Studi ini menggunakan teknik kointegrasi panel dengan metode PMG-ARDL, untuk membandingkan sekelompok negara berkembang dengan sekelompok negara maju. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi energi terbarukan berhubungan positif dengan PDB riil per kapita dan perdagangan internasional pada negara-negara berkembang dan negara-negara maju, sementara itu berhubungan negatif dengan CO2 per kapita dengan skala besar. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa perdagangan internasional dan pertumbuhan ekonomi akan mendorong konsumsi energi terbarukan dalam jangka panjang. Namun, apakah peningkatan dalam persentase energi terbarukan yang dikonsumsi akan menyelesaikan masalah lingkungan sangat tergantung pada lintasan emisi CO2 dimasa mendatang seiring dengan perkembangan ekonomi. Secara keseluruhan, analisis empiris dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa perdagangan internasional mengarah pada promosi konsumsi energi terbarukan sebagai hubungan jangka panjang. Ini berarti bahwa, di masa depan, pembangunan ekonomi bersama dengan perdagangan internasional dan kemajuan teknologi lingkungan diharapkan dapat memudahkan dan mendorong konsumsi energi terbarukan di setiap negara. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah harus mengeluarkan kebijakan untuk mendukung pertumbuhan yang signifikan dan pengembangan energi terbarukan selaras dengan pertumbuhan ekonomi negara dengan cara yang konsisten sesuai dengan tingkat pembangunan negara tersebut.

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Countries require large amounts of energy for continuous economic growth. As mentioned by the US Energy Information Administration, total world energy consumption is expected to increase from 575 quadrillion Btu in 2015 to 736 quadrillion Btu in 2040, or an increase of 28% (IEO 2017). However, resources of non-renewable energy are limited, and energy consumption is known to worsen major environmental problems in the world. To reach a balance between energy needs and environmental problems, using renewable energy is one of the best options for many countries. Given this state of affairs, this study addresses the long-term relationship of renewable energy consumption with respect to output, pollutant emissions and international trade. It uses a panel cointegration technique, along with the Pooled-Mean Group Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (PMG-ARDL) method, to compare a group of emerging countries with a group of developed countries.

The study shows that the consumption of renewable energy is positively related to real GDP per capita and international trade for both emerging countries and developed countries, while it is negatively associated with CO₂ per capita with a large magnitude. This result suggests that international trade and economic growth will promote the consumption of renewable energy in the long-run future. However, whether an increase in the percentage of renewable energy consumed solves the environmental problems depends a great deal on the future trajectory of CO₂ emissions along with economic development.

Overall, the empirical analysis in the present study demonstrates that international trade leads to the promotion of the consumption of renewable energy as a long-run relationship. It means that, in the future, economic development along with international trade and advances in environmental technology are expected to further facilitate and promote the consumption of renewable energy in every country. However, governments should issue policies to support significant growth and development of renewable energy along with the economic growth of the country in a manner consistent with the countrys level of development."

"[ABSTRAKTesis ini meneliti tentang faktor-faktor yang menentukan arus masuk penanaman modal asing langsung di negara-negara maju dan negara-negara berkembang dengan menggunakan analisa data panel. Penelitian ini menggunakan data 27 negara maju dan 43 negara berkembang selama periode 1998 sampai dengan 2011. Variabel bebas yang digunakan adalah arus masuk penanamanmodal asing per kapita. Sebagai variabel penjelas utama adalah tarif pajak penghasilan perusahaan. Sedangkan sebagai variabel penjelas tambahan adalah produk domestik bruto per kapita, tingkat keterbukaan perdagangan, upah minimal riil, populasi dan produksi energy.Berdasarkan pengukuran menggunakan random effect model diperoleh hasil bahwa pajak berpengaruh negative terhadap arus investasi asing namun tidak signifikan. Selain itu, jumlah populasi, upah minimum serta produksi energy juga berpengaruh negatif. Sebaliknya, PDB per kapita dan tingkat keterbukaan perdagangan berpengaruh positif terhadap arus masuk penanaman modal asing.

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ABSTRACTThis study investigates the determinants of foreign direct investment inflows in developing and developed countries by panel data analysis. This study utilizes data of 27 developed countries and 43 developing countries for the period of 1998 to 2011. The dependent variable is FDI inflows per capita. The main explanatory variable is the statutory corporate income tax rate. In addition, this study employs GDP per capita as the proxy of market size, degree of openness, real minimum wage as the proxy of labor cost, population, and energy production as the proxy of natural resources. Based on the random effect model, the result shows that tax as main explanatory variable, has negative sign as expected. However, it is not significant even at the level of ten percent. Furthermore, the population, real minimum wage, and energy production variables are negatively affect the FDI inflows as well. On the other hand, GDP per capita and openness degree are positively affects FDI inflows.;This study investigates the determinants of foreign direct investment inflowsin developing and developed countries by panel data analysis. This study utilizesdata of 27 developed countries and 43 developing countries for the period of 1998to 2011. The dependent variable is FDI inflows per capita. The main explanatoryvariable is the statutory corporate income tax rate. In addition, this study employsGDP per capita as the proxy of market size, degree of openness, real minimumwage as the proxy of labor cost, population, and energy production as the proxy ofnatural resources.Based on the random effect model, the result shows that tax as mainexplanatory variable, has negative sign as expected. However, it is not significanteven at the level of ten percent. Furthermore, the population, real minimum wage,and energy production variables are negatively affect the FDI inflows as well. Onthe other hand, GDP per capita and openness degree are positively affects FDIinflows, This study investigates the determinants of foreign direct investment inflowsin developing and developed countries by panel data analysis. This study utilizesdata of 27 developed countries and 43 developing countries for the period of 1998to 2011. The dependent variable is FDI inflows per capita. The main explanatoryvariable is the statutory corporate income tax rate. In addition, this study employsGDP per capita as the proxy of market size, degree of openness, real minimumwage as the proxy of labor cost, population, and energy production as the proxy ofnatural resources.Based on the random effect model, the result shows that tax as mainexplanatory variable, has negative sign as expected. However, it is not significanteven at the level of ten percent. Furthermore, the population, real minimum wage,and energy production variables are negatively affect the FDI inflows as well. Onthe other hand, GDP per capita and openness degree are positively affects FDIinflows]"

"ABSTRACTThe relationship between serum vitamin A level and protein-energy status of 61 children in Jakarta was studied. The children 1 - 6 years old either received vitamin A supplements at various times, or never received any vitamin A supplements at all. There was a high prevalence of PEM among the sample and their energy and vitamin A consumption were low, though protein intake was adequate. The serum vitamin A levels of PEM children who received vitamin A supplements tended to decline more rapidly with time after supplementation compared to their non-PEM counterparts. A positive correlation, though weak, was also observed between serum vitamin A level and Wt/Age of the children. It was thus concluded that the fast decline in serum vitamin A level of PEM children could predispose them to vitamin A deficiency despite vitamin A supplementation. It was also suggested that further investigation is needed on the relationship between Wt/age and serum vitamin A level, because if such a relationship is established, Wt/age could be a very useful index for identifying children who are "at risk" of developing vitamin A deficiency."