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"This volume of current topics in microbiology and immunology covers diverse topics related to intradermal immunization. The chapters highlight the effectiveness of intradermal immunization in experimental animal models or in clinical practice, all supporting the view that intradermal immunization is at least as good as other immunization routes. Keeping in mind that current vaccines are not specially designed for intradermal immunization, but show comparable efficiency even at reduced dosages, this underlines the great potential for the skin as a vaccination site."

"ABSTRACTAnak usia 1-5 tahun atau biasa disebut Balita Bawah Lima Tahun memiliki sistem imun yang rendah dan cukup rentan terhadap serangan penyakit, oleh karena itu anak memerlukan serangkaian imunisasi untuk membangun kekebalan dasar pada tubuhnya. Adanya KLB Difteri dapat meningkatkan resiko balita mengalami kecacatan, kesakitan dan kematian. Pengetahuan ibu berperan penting dalam memenuhi kelengkapan imunisasi difteri sebagai tindakan pencegahan penyakit difteri, hal ini kaitannya dengan kepatuhan ibu. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan tingkat pengetahuan ibu dengan kepatuhan imunisasi difteri anak usia 1-5 tahun. Desain penelitian cross sectional menggunakan metode convinience sampling. Sampel penelitian ini adalah ibu yang memiliki anak usia 1-5 tahun, jumlah sampel penelitian sebanyak 95 responden. Hasil analisa data menunjukan ada hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan ibu dengan kepatuhan imunisasi difteri anak usia 1-5 tahun p le; p = 0.001, =0.5. Tenaga kesehatan keperawatan dapat meningkatkan upaya preventif dan promosi kesehatan tentang imunisasi dan difteri agar kepatuhan terhadap imunisasi difteri dapat ditingkatkan.

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ABSTRACTChildren aged 1 5 years or commonly called Toddlers Under Five Years have a low immune system and are quite susceptible to disease attacks, therefore children need a series of immunizations to build basic immunity in the body. The presence of Diphtheria Outbreak may increase the risk of todlers experiencing disability, illness and death. Mother 39 s knowledge plays an important role in fulfilling the completeness of diphtheria immunization as a preventive measure of diphtheria disease, this is related to mother 39 s compliance. The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between mother 39 s knowledge level and compliance diphtheria immunization in children 1 5 years old. The research design used cross sectional with convinience sampling method. Sample in this research is a mother have children aged 1 5 years old, the number of research samples were 95 respondents. The result of data analysis showed that there was a correlation between mother 39 s knowledge level and diphtheria immunization of children 1 5 years old p le p 0.001, 0.5 Nursing health can improve preventive and health promotion about immunization and diphtheria, so that adherence to diphtheria immunization can be improved."

"Pemberian vaksin campak kepada anak berumur 9-11 bulan berguna untuk memberikan kekebalan aktif terhadap penyakit campak. Untuk mendapatkan kekebalan kelompok terhadap penyakit campak diperlukan suatu program imunisasi campak yang dapat mencakup seluruh sasaran.Perilaku ibu dalam mengimunisasi campak anaknya sangat penting dan menentukan status imunisasi anaknya yang berarti juga menentukan cakupan imunisasi campak di masyarakat. Di Kabupaten Belitung ternyata masih ada ibu-ibu yang tidak melengkapi status imunisasi dasar anaknya dengan imunisasi campak. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perilaku ibu dalam mengimunisasikan campak anaknya.Metode: Studi ini menggunakan desain kasus kontrol. Kasus adalah ibu yang mempunyai anak berumur 12-24 bulan yang anaknya belum memperoleh imunisasi campak sedangkan kontrol adalah ibu yang mempunyai anak berumur 12-24 bulan yang anaknya sudah memperoleh imunisasi campak. Data diperoleh dari hasil wawancara dengan menggunakan kuesioner pada ibu-ibu yang terpilih sebagai kasus dan kontrol. Analisis dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis bivariat dan untuk analisis multivariat digunakan regresi logistik ganda dengan kekuatan 80% dan derajat kepercayaan 95%.Hasil: Hasil akhir uji multivariat menunjukkan adanya pengaruh yang bermakna antara sikap ibu terhadap imunisasi nampak p=0.000 dan odds ratio 5.333(95%CI 3.128-9.092), pengetahuan ibu tentang imunisasi campak p=0.0000 dan odds ratio 3.497 (95%CI 2.081 - 5.876), persepsi ibu tentang jarak dari rumah ketempat pelayanan imunisasi p=0.000 dan odds ratio 15.921 (95% CI 4.507 - 56.243), umur ibu p=0.021 dan odds ratio 1.057 (95% CI 1.008 - 1.108) terhadap perilaku ibu dalam mengimunisasikan campak anaknya.Kesimpulan: Sikap ibu terhadap imunisasi campak, pengetahuan ibu tentang imunisasi campak, persepsi ibu tentang jarak dari rumahnya ketempat pelayanan imunisasi dan umur ibu mempengaruhi perilaku ibu dalam mengimunisasikan campak anaknya.

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The Factors Which Influencing Mother Behavior in the Giving Measles Immunization to Their Children in the District of Belitung Year 2000Awarding of vaccine to the child in 9-11 years old is useful to give the immunity on the sick of measles. To obtain the group immunity on the sick of measles is needed a program of measles immunization which able to include all objectives.Mother behavior in the giving measles immunization to their child which also means determining the scope of measles immunization in the population. In the District of Belitung it turns out that still have mothers who are did not fulfilled status of basic immunization of their child with measles immunization. This research is performed in order to know the factors which influencing the mother behaviour in the giving measles immunization to their child.Method: This study using design of control cases. Case are the mother who are have child in age 12-24 months who are their child still not obtained measles immunization while control are the mother who are have child in age 12-24 months who are their child is have measles immunization. Data obtained from the result of interview with using questionnaire on the mother who is selected as the case and control. Analysis performed with using bivariate analysis and for multivariate analysis used regression of double logistic with the power 80% and degree of trusty 95%.Result: Final result of multivariate examination shown the existence of influence which have meaning between mother behavior on the measles immunization p=0.000 and odds ratio 5.33 (95%CI 3.128-9.092), the knowledge of mother on the measles immunization p=0.0000 and odds ratio 3.497 (95%CI 2.081-5.876), perception of mother on the distance from house to the place of immunization service p=0.000 and odds ratio 15.921 (95% CI 4.507-56.243), age of mother p=0.021 and odds ratio 1.057 (95% CI 1.008-1.108) on the mother behavior in the giving immunization to their child.Conclusion: The attitude of mother on the measles immunization, knowledge of mother on the measles immunization, perception of mother on the distance from her house to the place of immunization service and age of mother are influencing the behavior of mother in the to give immunization to their child."

"Imunisasi merupakan salah satu program pemerintah dalam upaya pencegahan untuk menanggulangi berbagai macam penyakit yang dapat dicegah dengan imunisasi antara lain penyakit Tuberkulosis, Difteri, Pertusis, Tetanus, Polio, Campak dan Hepatitis B. Tujuan dari program imunisasi adalah menurunkan angka kesakitan, kecacatan dan kematian dari penyakit-penyakit yang dapat dicegah dengan imunisasi.Untuk mencapai tujuan ini diperlukan pencapaian serta mempertahankan cakupan imunisasi lengkap pada bayi dan ibu hamil, paling sedikit 80 % dari semua wilayah dan peningkatan mutu pelayanan, untuk mencapai hal ini telah di kembangkan dua alat manajemen program imunisasi yaitu PWS dan Supervisi dengan check list.Di Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin cakupan imunisasi rutin pada bayi sudah mencapai target, tetapi cakupan imunisasi campaknya secara rata-rata masih rendah. Di Indonesia campak masih merupakan masalah kesehatan dalam menurunkan angka kesakitan dan kematian. Morley mengatakan imunisasi campak merupakan suatu kesehatan masyarakat yang paling bermakna yang dapat diukur di negara berkembang.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah diperolehnya informasi tentang sistem manajemen Puskesmas dalam program imunisasi campak di Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin pada tahun 2000 dengan memakai pendekatan sistem yaitu sistem input, procces dan output. Manajemen dapat dipandang dari berbagai persepektif tergantung latar belakang serta kepentingan, dengan menggunakan pendekatan sistem dalam manajemen hal ini berarti berusaha memandang organisasi sebagai suatu sistem yang utuh dengan melihat organisasi secara keseluruhan.Disain penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan rancangan cross sectional, pengamatan dilakukan di 40 Puskesmas Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin. Untuk menganalisis sistim manajemen ini dilihat dari variabel input dan variabel procces, inputnya terdiri dari karakteristik petugas, dana, SOP, dan sarana sedangkan variabel procces terdiri dan minilokakarya, PWS, supervisi dan PTP. Dari hasil penelitian ini didapatkan variabel pada input yang mempunyai hubungan bermakna dengan cakupan adalah karakteristik petugas ( p = 0,023 ), SOP ( p = 0,007 ) sedangkan pada variabel proses yang mempunyai hubungan bermakna adalah minilokakarya ( p 0,007 ) dan supervisi (p = 0,001 ).Variabel yang paling dominan mempengaruhi cakupan imunisasi campak adalah supervisi. Supervisi merupakan salah satu dari fungsi manajemen, pengertian supervisi adalah melakukan pegamatan secara langsung dan berkala oleh atasan terhadap pekerjaan yang dilaksanakan oleh bawahan untuk kemudian apabila ditemukan masalah segera diberikan petunjuk atau bantuan yang bersifat langsung guna mengatasinya. Peningkatan kualitas dan kuantitas supervisi di Puskesmas Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin sangat perlu dilakukan untuk dapat meningkatkan cakupan program imunisasi.

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The Analisys of Mangement System of Public Health Centre on Measles Imunizations Program at Public Health Centre in Musi Banyuasin Regency in 2000Immunization is one of Government Program in preventing how to cope with various kinds of illness, such as, Tuberculosis, Diphteri, Pertusis, Tetanus, Polio, Measles and Hepatitis B.The aim of the Program is to iesses the sense and death of the illnes which can be prevented by immunization. To reach the aim, it needs the achievent of complate immunizatio for infants and fregnant mothers.There are at least 80 % of the area and increase of service. To reach this, it has been developed two kinds of tools for immunization program management, namely PWS and check list supervision.In Musi Banyuasin regency routine immunization for infants has reached the target but the spread of measles immunization in average is still low.In Indonesia measles is a health program in reducing the number of illness and death. Morley says measles immunization is a means of public health centre is impotant to be measured in developing countries.The aim of this research is to get information about public health centre management system in measles immunization program in Musi Banyuasin regency in 2000 by means of system approach, namely input, process and out put.The design of research uses quantitative approach with cross sectional design, observation in 40 public health centre in Musui Banyuasin regency.The analisys of the management system can be seen in input variable and process variable. Input variable itself consist of the characteristies of the worker, fund, SOP and facility while, process variable consist of miniworkshop, PWS, supervision and PTP.The result of the research is the input variable has special relation with the area in the characteristics of the worker ( p = 0,023 ), SOP ( p = 0,007 ) while process variable has relation with miniworkshop ( p = 0,007 ) and supervision ( p = 0.001 ).The most dominant which effect measles immunization area is supervision. Supervision itself is one of the function management. The sense of supervision itself is to ovserve directly and gradually done by the leader toward the duty done by the workers. Later if the problem are found, soon there have been same direction or helps to cope with the problem.The increase of supervision quality and quantity in public healyth centre in Musi Banyuasin regency must be done to cover the increase of immunization program."

"Di Indonesia, kanker serviks adalah kanker kedua paling sering yang ditemukan pada perempuan. Sebagai upaya pencegahan primer, Kementerian Kesehatan telah mengintroduksi imunisasi HPV dalam Program Demonstrasi imunisasi HPV bagi siswi perempuan kelas 5 dan 6 SD di Provinsi DKI Jakarta sejak tahun 2016. Studi ini adalah kohort retrospektif dengan pendekatan kuantitatif yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran KIPI vaksin HPV kuadrivalen beserta pengaruh faktor-faktor independen terhadap timbulnya KIPI dan model prediksi dengan menggunakan metode analisis survival. Total 500 laporan surveilans aktif KIPI yang didapat pada tahun 2017 dan dianalisis dengan SPSS. KIPI vaksin HPV kuadrivalen yang terjadi dalam program BIAS HPV di provinsi DKI Jakarta tahun 2017 adalah reaksi nyeri lokal di tempat suntikan (59,6%), bengkak (17,2%), kemerahan (40,8%) dan demam (1,6%). Tidak ditemukan KIPI serius. Variabel independen yang signifikan adalah nomor batch vaksin dan riwayat imunisasi lain dalam waktu 4 minggu sebelum imunisasi HPV. Semua KIPI bersifat ringan dan sembuh sendiri tanpa intervensi. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa vaksin HPV kuadrivalen memiliki gambaran keamanan yang baik. Keputusan untuk melanjutkan dan memasukkan vaksin HPV ke dalam program imunisasi nasional harus didukung oleh analisis lebih lanjut seperti aspek biaya, cost-effective analysis, ketersediaan vaksin, tingkat penerimaan vaksin serta aspek kapasitas dan manajemen cold chain.

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In Indonesia, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer found in women. As a primary prevention effort, the Ministry of Health has introduced HPV immunization in the HPV immunization demonstration program for female students of 5th and 6th grade in the DKI Jakarta Province since 2016. This is a cohort retrospective study with quantitative approach which aims to describe the safety profile of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine along with the influence of independent factors and make a prediction model using the survival analysis method. A total of 500 active AEFI surveillance reports were obtained in 2017 and analyzed retrospectively. The AEFI of HPV vaccine that occurs in the school-based HPV immunization program in DKI Jakarta province in 2017 are local pain reaction at the injection site (59.6%), swelling (17.2%), redness (40.8%) and fever (1.6 %). There is no serious AEFI found in this study. All AEFI are mild and self limited without any intervention. Significant independent variables are vaccine batch numbers and other immunization histories within 4 weeks before HPV immunizations. In conclusion, HPV immunization has a good safety profile. However, the decision to continue and incorporate the HPV vaccine into national immunization programs must be supported by further comprehensive analysis such as cost, cost-effective analysis, vaccine availability, vaccine acceptance rates, cold chain capacity and management."

"This volume is focused on the development of vaccines which generate immune effectors capable of blocking mucosal entry or peripheral pathogen spread. Other chapters describe strategies for enhancing uptake of mucosal vaccines, for instance through targeted delivery to antigen-sampling M cells, construction of virus-like particles which mimic natural pathogens, addition of mucoadhesives or formulation as nanoparticles. Topics include edible vaccines as well as plant-based production of subunit or particulate vaccines that could be administered by any route. Dry powder vaccines that could be insufflated or directly applied to mucosal surfaces may be particularly ideal for mass vaccination in developing countries. The manufacture, stability and efficacy of powder formulations is comprehensively reviewed. We conclude with chapters on two of the greatest challenges facing mucosal vaccine development : human immunodeficiency virus and bioterrorist agents. This monograph highlights progress and information that should prove invaluable for the development of contemporary vaccines that prevent infection by these and other mucosal pathogens."