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"This book form a background reference work to understanding how the ecology of Africa has been shaped by its past. Reviewing historical data wherever possible it adopts an holistic view treating man as well as animals, with accent on diseases both human and animal which have been a potent force in shaping Africa’s ecology, a role neglected in ecological studies."

"Many infectious diseases of recent concern, including malaria, cholera, plague, and Lyme disease, have emerged from complex ecological communities, involving multiple hosts and their associated parasites. Several of these diseases appear to be influenced by human impacts on the environment, such as intensive agriculture, clear-cut forestry, and habitat loss and fragmentation; such environmental impacts may affect many species that occur at trophic levels below or above the hostcommunity. These observations suggest that the prevalence of both human and wildlife diseases may be altered in unanticipated ways by changes in the structure and composition of ecological communities. Predicting the epidemiological ramifications of such alteration in community composition will require strengthening the current union between community ecology and epidemiology."

"This book attempts to set communicable diseases and the efforts to control them in a social and historical context. The primary focus is on England with its particular history, culture and traditions. The timescale covered is extensive and ambitious, and the many strands that came together in the nineteenth century to form the English public health service are clearly highlighted. However the main emphasis of the narrative is on developments from the second world war onwards, in some of which the author has had a degree of personal involvement as a schoolchild, medical student, hospital doctor, army doctor and public health physician."

"Tulisan ini menganalisis bagaimana Indonesia dan Washington menerapkan kebijakan AMDAL dan Persetujuan Lingkungan untuk mencegah Wabah dari laboratorium BSL 3. Tulisan ini disusun denganmenggunakan metode penelitian doktrinal. Pembangunan laboratorium BSL 3 dapat menimbulkan dampak signifikan seperti limbah B3 dan risiko penyebaran agen infeksius yang berakhir pada KLB/Wabah. Hal ini membutuhkan perhatian dari pemerintah dan pembuat kebijakan sehingga penting untuk diterapkan suatu instrumen hukum yang efektif dalam upaya pencegahannya, salah satunya adalah melalui AMDAL. AMDAL tidak hanya berfokus pada pencemaran lingkungan, tetapi juga pada kesehatan masyarakat dengan kajian mengenai pengelolaan limbah, baku mutu air dan udara, serta dampak terhadap kapasitas pelayanan kesehatan. Dengan demikian, AMDAL dapat mencegah potensi KLB/Wabah yang disebabkan agen infeksius yang menjadi objek penelitian pada laboratorium BSL 3. Saat ini Indonesia belum menerapkan kebijakan AMDAL untuk laboratorium BSL 3, hanya UKL-UPL untuk kegiatan yang tidak memiliki dampak penting bagi lingkungan. Tulisan ini akan membandingkan dengan Washington yang telah menerapkan EIS bagi pendirian dan operasi laboratorium BSL 3 sebab sudah diakui risiko lingkungan dan sosial yang dapat ditimbulkan. EIS di Washington memastikan bahwa kegiatan laboratorium BSL 3 mematuhi peraturan lingkungan dan standar keselamatan yang relevan. Hal ini mendorong transparansi dan akuntabilitas dalam mengelola potensi risiko yang terkait dengan penanganan patogen berbahaya sehingga mendukung kesehatan masyarakat.

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This paper analyzes how Indonesia and Washington have implemented the EIA and Environmental Approval policies to prevent outbreaks from BSL 3 laboratories. This paper is prepared using the doctrinal research method. The construction of BSL 3 laboratories can have significant impacts such as hazardous waste and the risk of spreading infectious agents that can end in an outbreak. This requires attention from the government and policy makers, so it it is important for an effective legal instrument to prevent it, one of which is through EIA. EIA does not only focus on environmental pollution the environment, but also on public health with studies on waste management, water and air quality standards, and impacts on health service capacity. Thus, EIA can prevent potential outbreaks caused by infectious agents that are the object of research on BSL 3 laboratory. Currently, Indonesia has not implemented an EIA policy for BSL 3 laboratories, only UKL-UPL for activities that do not have an important impact on the environment. This paper will compare with Washington, which has implemented an EIS policy for the establishment and operation of BSL 3 laboratories because of the recognized environmental and social risks. The EIS in Washington ensures that BSL 3 laboratory activities comply with relevant environmental regulations and safety standards. This promotes transparency and accountability in managing potential risks associated with handling dangerous pathogens, thereby supporting public health."