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"Bibir sumbing dengan atau tanpa sumbing langit-langit adalah cacat bawaan kraniofasial yang paling banyak ditemukan. Penyebabnya kompleks dan melibatkan banyak faktor genetik dan lingkungan. Cacat bawaan ini dapat menyebabkan banyak morbiditas, serta beban ekonomi yang berat; karena pasien sumbing membutuhkan intervensi medis setidaknya selama 18 tahun pertama yang mencakup beberapa aspek kehidupan pasien. Derajat dan kompleksitas sumbing sangat bervariasi, yang nantinya akan menentukan tatalaksana dan hasil akhir rekonstruksi untuk tiap individu. Identifikasi dan klasifikasi sangat berperan dalam penilaian awal kasus sumbing yang masing-masing unik, selanjutnya menjadi panduan untuk pemilihan metode yang tepat untuk mengoreksi defek. Beberapa klasifikasi yang ada dapat mengukur derajat keberhasilan rekonstruksi setelah operasi. Upaya yang telah dilakukan dan tantangan untuk dapat memformulasikan suatu klasifikasi yang ideal dan mencakup semua jenis sumbing ditelaah dalam tulisan ini.

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AbstractCleft lip with or without cleft palate is the most occurring craniofacial anomaly in human, resulting from a complex etiology involving multiple genetic and environmental factors. The defect carries lifelong morbidity and economic burden. Children with clefts will require continuous medical interventions for at least the first 18 years of life, affecting many aspects of their lives. The extent and complexity of clefts vary infinitely, later determining individual management and outcome. Identification and classification play significant roles in initial assessment of these unique cleft cases, which affect options for following correctional attempts. Some classifications even allow measurement of progress after anatomical repositioning, and success rate after surgical repairs. The challenge of developing one such widely inclusive classification is discussed."

"This book is designed to summarize unique methodological issues relevant to the study of aging, biomarkers of aging and the biology/physiology of aging and in-depth discussions of the etiology and epidemiology of common geriatric syndromes and diseases. Contributing authors in the book represent many disciplines, not only epidemiology and clinical geriatrics, but also demography, health services, research, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, psychiatry, neurology, social services, musculoskeletal diseases and cancer. "

"This book covers the basic concepts of epigenetic epidemiology, discusses challenges in study design, analysis, and interpretation, epigenetic laboratory techniques, the influence of of age and environmental factors on shaping the epigenome, the role of epigenetics in the developmental origins hypothesis, and provides the state of the art on the epigenetic epidemiology of various health conditions including childhood syndromes, cancer, infectious diseases, inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders, psychiatric disorders, diabetes, obesity and metabolic disorders, and atherosclerosis."