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"ABSTRAKThe Centre for Research of Human Resource and the Environment of the University of Indonesia was established in 1979. After passing the first decade of its development, it is timely for us to spend a moment in self-contemplation. The environmental challenge we now face, in order to have a better understanding, knowledge, and skill as the basis of our service, is becoming broader, more complicated, and fraught wiht difficulties. Meanwhile, what the Centre is capable to approach and to achieved is indeed very small, simple, and full with constraints. "

"AbstrakUsing Community Organizing Participatory Action Research (COPAR) as the main framework for the multiple data-gathering methods utilizedin the study, the researcher addressed the following objectives: (1) to assessthe educational needs of the Lumad and peasant communities in light of theimplementation of Republic Act 10533, and (2) to developa curriculum that addresses the needs of the Lumad and peasant communitiesconsidering the learning competencies stipulated by RA 10533. Freires methodof education was maximized as participants in the research included men, women,and children who learned toassess their role in their community as agents of change with the goal ofachieving social transformation through education. Still adhering to Freires method of education, the intended curriculum that was designed is simple andeasy to understand, integrative, and perceptive of the social realitiessurrounding the Lumads and other peasant learners. From the state approvedcurriculum, the new alternative curriculum ensured the presence of lessons andactivities with a positive influence on all the aspects of a childs development: physical, emotional, social, linguistic, aesthetic, and cognitivethrough the application of the outcomes-based education (OBE) framework. Curriculumdesign also utilized the Makabayan (nationalist), Makamasa (mass-oriented), andSiyentipiko (scientific) (MMS) orientation, which is based on rooted assessmentof the needs of the community learners. The integration of OBE with MMSframework is expected to result in transformative education that can producelifelong learners who will aspire to be part of national development whilepromoting their identity and the good of their communities. The researchprocess undertaken proved that community immersion provides an opportunity forself reflexivity that can result in a more inclusive curriculum design. Lastly it can be concluded that community organizing in education is a painstaking andendless process of collaborations, which, if purposeful and sustained, canpositively impact the communities."

"Keteraturan membayar iuran yang merupakan salah satu komponen penting untuk dapat terselenggaranya dana sehat, sangat ditentukan oleh kemauan membayar iuran secara teratur oleh sehuuh anggotanya. Kemauan membayar iuran secara teratur yang merupakan bentuk perilaku kesehatan yang berhubungan dengan dana sehat dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor predisposing, enabling dan reinforcing dimana ketiganya secara bersama-sama ataupun masing-masing dapat mempengaruhi perilaku tersebut.Penelitian ini adalah penelitian survey dengan rancangan potong lintang. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer dan sekunder, dilaksanakan di desa tertinggal di Kecamatan Sukaraja Kabupaten Dati II Bogor, dengan jumlah sampel 322 KK.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mempelajari faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kemauan membayar iuran dana sehat secara teratur. Variabel dependen penelitian adalah kemauan membayar iuran dana sehat secara teratur, sedangkan variabel independennya adalah faktor predisposing yang meliputi pendidikan, pengetahuan, persepsi, kebiasaan berobat dan tanggungan keluarga, faktor enabling yang meliputi pendapatan/pengeluaran keluarga, kelengkapan sarana pelayanan kesehatan, kemudahan pengumpulan iuran dan jarak tempuh, serta faktor reinforcing yang meliputi perilaku petugas.Analisa data dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan analisa Univariat dengan distribusi frekuensi dan analisa Bivariat dengan uji Kai kuadrat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kemauan membayar iuran dana sehat secara teratur yang masuk dalam kategori baik hanya 35,5 % dan sisanya 66,5 % masuk dalam katagori tidak baik, dimana yang masuk kategori baik adalah peserta yang telah membayar iuran Dana Sehat secara terus menerus selama dua belas bulan dari bulan April 1997 sampai bulan Maret 1998, dan yang masuk kategori tidak baik adalah yang kurang dari itu. Disamping itu variabel yang menunjukkan hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik (p<0,05) dengan kemauan membayar iuran dana sehat secara teratur adalah variabel pendidikan, pengetahuan, persepsi, kebiasaan berobat selama satu tahun, kelengkapan sarana pelayanan kesehatan, jarak tempuh dan faktor reinforcing yaitu perilaku petugas. Sedang kebiasaan berobat periode satu bulan terakhir, tanggungan keluarga dan pendapatan /pengeluaran menunjukkan tidak adanya hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik.Peneliti menyarankan agar program Dana Sehat di desa tertinggal di Kecamatan Sukaraja harus ditangani lebih profesional antara lain dengan meningkatkan fungsi Yayasan Rereongan Tegar Beriman dari sekedar hanya sebagai pengumpul dana menjadi suatu Badan Penyelenggara, menghitung kembali iuran peserta berdasarkan besarnya resiko kelompok, menyelenggarakan pelatihan/penyegaran program dana sehat bagi petugas untuk meningkatkan motivasi dalam menyelenggarakan program ini, mencari cara terbaik untuk kemudahan pengumpulan iuran, memberi insentif bagi kolektor, meningkatkan pemasaran social dana sehat, secara berkala perlu memilih desa yang menjadi penyelenggara dana sehat terbaik dan menyempurnakan keanggotaan Tim Pembina yang secara rutin akan melaksanakan pembinaan, monitoring dan evaluasi.Apabila langkah-langkah diatas tidak dilaksanakan, akan sulit bagi Dana Sehat untuk dapat berkembang, bahkan dapat diprediksi akan mengalami kebangkrutan sehingga saran berikutnya adalah program Dana Sehat di desa tertinggal di Kecamatan Sukaraja sebaiknya dihentikan saja mengingat demikian berat dan kompleksnya kendala yang melingkupi pelaksanaan program tersebut. Selanjutnya diperkenalkan bentuk lain misalnya seperti pola JPKM (asuransi sosial terkendali) dimana keanggotaannya meliputi seluruh masyarakat Kabupaten Dati II Bogor, sehingga tercipta subsidi silang dari masyarakat yang mampu dan tidak mampu.Disamping itu perlu adanya penelitian lanjutan yang lebih luas dan dalam tentang faktor kemampuan membayar iuran dana sehat sehingga informasi yang didapat akan saling melengkapi dan dapat dijadikan bahan masukan bagi penentuan kebijakan penyelenggaraan dana sehat yang lebih baik.Daftar Pustaka : 31 (1975-1998)

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Contribution is one of the most important component for the viability of a health fund. It depends on the willingness to pay contribution regularly by all members. The willingness to pay contribution regularly is a health behavior that is influenced by predisposing, enabling and reinforcing factors, collectively or separately.

This research is a survey carried out in two under developed villages in Sukaraja Sub District Bogor, West Java. Using list of health fund members, primary and secondary data, were collected. We interviewed 322 families using a questionnaire developed specifically for this study.

The aim of this research is to identify factors related to the willingness to pay health fund contribution regularly. Dependent variable in this research is regular (12 consecutive months) contribution, while the independent variables are predisposing factors that include education, knowledge, perception, health seeking behavior and family responsibility. The enabling factors cover family income and expenditure, perception of health service facilities, ease of contribution collection, and distance to health providers, while the reinforcing factor covers officials' behavior.

Univariate and Bivariate analyses were performed:. we defined good willingness to pay if house hold pay contribution for 12 consecutive months while bad WTP if the house hold pay other wise. The result showed that 33,5 % of house hold surveyed had good WTP and 66,5 % did not pay contribution for full one year (bad WTP)

We conclude that seven out of ten dependent variables significantly related to good WTP. Sustainability of health fund in these two villages is very much determined by those seven variables.

Based on the results, we recommend that health fund programmed in under developed village should be prepared by adequate training for officials in order to increase the performance of this programmed. More over, implementation of health fund should not be imposed in poor and low educated communities.

Some financial Incentives for collectors can be considered, to increase their motivation in collecting contribution. We suggest to increase contribution and benefit to achieve optimum level of health fund.

If the performance remains poor we recommend that health funds in under developed villages should be stopped because of too many complex and handicaps while the costs of promoting it is too expensive

I recommend further comprehensive and long term research for policy decision to implement more sustainable insurance scheme.

References : 31 (1975-1998)"