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"This book contains a high-level collection of papers by some of today's leading distributional analysts. The chapters are well-chosen and are written by respected authors with international profiles. The book will be highly valued as a reference work, by research economists and practitioners, as well as by postgraduate students and professors at universities where distributional measurement theory and application is dealt with at the PhD level.' - Peter Lambert, University of Oregon, "

"Penelitian ini melengkapi literatur mengenai hubungan antara ukuran kota tempat bekerja dan pendapatan di Indonesia dengan penekanan pada perempuan. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya perbedaan pola pendapatan berdasarkan ukuran kota dan jenis kelamin, di mana pendapatan rata-rata cenderung lebih tinggi di kota-kota besar dan untuk laki-laki. Analisis multivariat juga mengungkapkan adanya fenomena urban wage premium di Indonesia, di mana terdapat hubungan signifikan antara ukuran kota dan pendapatan. Lebih menariknya lagi, ketika perempuan dan laki-laki dianalisis secara terpisah, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa urban wage premium perempuan lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan laki-laki. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa infrastruktur dan pelayanan publik yang lebih baik serta fasilitas pendidikan yang lebih baik di perkotaan dapat menjadi faktor penentu dalam perbedaan urban wage premium antara perempuan dan laki-laki.

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This research complements the literature on the relationship between city size of employment and income in Indonesia, with a focus on females. The findings of this study indicate differences in income patterns based on city size and gender, where average income tends to be higher in larger cities and for men. The multivariate analysis also reveals the existence of an urban wage premium phenomenon in Indonesia, with a significant relationship between city size and income. Interestingly, when female and men are analyzed separately, this research finds that the urban wage premium for female is higher compared to men. The study concludes that better infrastructure, public services, and educational facilities in urban areas can be determining factors in the difference in urban wage premium between female and men."

"Tambahan penghasilan pegawai adalah sebagai salah satu cara untuk menata ulang kebijakan pemberian tunjangan dengan menghapuskan pemberian berbagai macam honor, kemudian jumlah honor yang dihapuskan dikelola secara legal dan diberikan dalam bentuk tunjangan resmi kepada seluruh daerah. Penelitian ini menganalisis implementasi kebijakan tambahan penghasilan pegawai di Kota Depok. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan post-positivist dengan pengumpulan data melalui wawancara mendalam dan studi literatur. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori Jones (1996), yaitu organisasi, interpretasi, dan aplikasi. Hasil penelitian mengenai implementasi kebijakan tambahan penghasilan pegawai di Kota Depok menunjukkan bahwa ada beberapa indikator dan sub-indikator yang belum terpenuhi.

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Additional employee income is one of the ways to rearrange allowance policy by eliminating the provision of various honorarium, and later the amount of deleted honorarium is managed legally and given in the form of formal allowances to all regions. This research analyzes the implementation of additional policy income of employees in Depok City. This research uses a post-positivist approach with the collection through interviews and literature studies. This research uses Jones (1996) theory, namely organization, interpretation, and application. The result about implementation of additional policy income in Depok City showed that there were several indicators and sub-indicators have not been fulfilled."

"Perkebunan kelapa sawit menjadi komuditas utama pertanian di Indonesia selama tiga dekade terakhir. Indonesia sebagai negara yang berada di garis katulistiwa dengan 147 juta hektar area hutan mempunyai potensi besar dalam pembangunan perkebunan kelapa sawit sebagai senjata dalam meningkatkan pendapatan per kapita terutama di daerah pedesaan. Namun demikian tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa perkebunan kelapa sawit memberi dampak negatif, terutama terhadap isu lingkungan dan konservasi keanekaragaman hayati. Studi ini dilakukan dalam rangka untuk memahami pengaruh dari perkebunan kelapa sawit dan produktivitasnya terhadap pendapatan perkapita di tingkat daerah dan tingkat nasional di Indonesia. Studi ini menggunakan data panel pada tingkat propinsi yang terdiri dari 23 propinsi di Indonesia menggunakan data tahunan dalam rentang waktu 9 tahun dari tahun 2003 sampai dengan 2011. Tingkat wilayah dibagi menjadi 5 berdasar atas kesamaan lokasi propinsi-propinsi pada pulau yang sama di Indonesia. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa perkebunan kelapa sawit tidak secara nyata mempengaruhi pendapatan perkapita di Indonesia. Di tingkat wilayah, perkebunan kelapa sawit memberi pengaruh yang nyata terhadap pendapatan perkapita dengan hubungan yang bertolak belakang dan pengaruh ini terlihat di semua wilayah. Produktivitas kelapa sawit memberi pengaruh yang nyata terhadap pendapatan per kapita di tingkat nasional dengan hubungan yang positif. Namun demikian, produktivitas kelapa sawit tidak menunjukkan memberi pengaruh yang nyata di masing-masing wilayah di Indonesia. Berdasar pada hasil tersebut, studi ini menyimpulkan bahwa perluasan perkebunan kelapa sawit tidak memberikan pengaruh nyata terhadap peningkatan pendapatan perkapita. Peningkatan produktivitas kelapa sawit menjadi cara yang lebih memungkinkan dalam meningkatkan pendapatan per kapita di Indonesia.

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Oil palm plantation was becoming the mainstay of agricultural commodities in Indonesia since last three decades. Indonesia as an equatorial country with 147 million hectares of forest area has a great potential in the development of oil palm plantations as a weapon in increasing per capita income especially in rural areas. However, it cannot be denied that expansions of oil palm plantations bring negative effects, especially in relation with environmental issues and conservation of biodiversity.

This study conducted in order to understand the effects of oil palm plantation and oil palm productivity on per capita income in the region and national level in Indonesia. This study uses panel data at provincial level which consists of 23 provinces in Indonesia in the vulnerable period of 9 years from 2003 to 2011 in annually data. The region level is divided in 5 based on the similarity of provincial location in same island in Indonesia.

The results showed that oil palm plantation did not significant in effect the per capita income in Indonesia. In region level, oil palm plantations gave significant effect on per capita income in the opposite relationship and this effect was represented by all across regions. Oil palm productivity is significant in effected on per capita income at national level with positive relationship. However, oil palm productivity did not give significant effect in representation across regions in Indonesia. According to these results, this study concludes that expansion of oil palm plantations do not significant in increasing per capita income. Increasing of oil palm productivity becomes more reasonable way in increasing per capita income in Indonesia."

"Data Badan Pusat Statistik menunjukan angka rasio gini Indonesia selama periode 2011-2015 berada diangka rata-rata sebesar 0.41, walaupun masih mengindikasikan tingkat kesenjangan distribusi pendapatan dalam kategori menengah, namun rasio ini cenderung menunjukan tren peningkatan dibandingkan periode sebelumnya. Salah satu kebijakan yang dilakukan pemerintah dalam upaya menurunkan angka kesenjangan pendapatan adalah dengan memberikan bantuan subsidi kepemilikan rumah kepada masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah MBR yakni melalui subsidi Fasilitas Likuiditas Pembiayaan Perumahan FLPP . Saat ini FLPP adalah subsidi kepemilikan rumah terbesar yang digunakan pemerintah untuk mengurangi backlog perumahan sekaligus kesenjangan distribusi pendapatan dimasyarakat. Total penyaluran subsidi yang ditujukan untuk masyarakat berpenghasilan rendah ini, selama periode tahun 2011-2015 mencapai hingga 429.637 unit. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi hubungan antara subsidi FLPP dengan peningkatan rasio kepemilikan rumah dan kesenjangan distribusi pendapatan. Dengan menggunakan model data panel selama periode 2011-2015 terhadap 32 provinsi di Indonesia, ditemukan bahwa ternyata penyaluran subsidi FLPP tidak signifikan dalam meningkatkan rasio kepemilikan rumah, sehingga pada akhirnya tidak berpengaruh terhadap penurunan kesenjangan distribusi pendapatan di Indonesia. Beberapa hal yang menjadi penyebabnya adalah kelemahan dalam pemetaan alokasi distribusi dan permasalahan kelembagaan yang menyebabkan tingginya potensi kesalahan penyaluran.

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Data from The Central Statistics Agency indicated that the Indonesia rsquo s gini ratio within 2011 2016 is at average 0.41, although it is still in the moderate category but this ratio shows an upward trend compared to the previous period. In the effort to reduce the income inequality in Indonesia, the government provides a policy assistance through homeownership subsidy for low income earners, which is called as The Housing Financing Liquidity Facility FLPP . FLPP is the largest homeownership subsidy system that has been used by the government in order to reduce the high number of housing backlog in Indonesia and to reduce income inequality. This low income earners facility has disbursed 429.637 house units during 2011 2015. This research aims to identify relationship between FLPP and homeownership ratio as well as income inequality in Indonesia. By using the regression panel data model of 32 provincial data in Indonesia during 2011 2015, this research shows that the distribution of FLPP subsidies did not significantly increase homeownership ratio, nor did it reduce gini ratio. Several factors resulting in this are the inaccurate distribution of allocation and institutional issues which increase the potential problems of inaccurate distribution. "

"[ABSTRAKPajak di Indonesia merupakan kontributor terbesar total penerimaan pemerintah, sementara pajak penghasilan orang pribadi (PPh OP) hanya berkontribusi sekitar 10% dari total penerimaan pajak nasional. Banyak peneliti yang telah menguji hubungan antara tarif progresif PPh OP dan ketimpangan pendapatan. Penelitian ini menginvestigasi dampak dari tarif progresif PPh OP terhadap distribusi pendapatan di Indonesia menggunakan data mikro Susenas 2006 dan 2011. Dengan dekomposisi data Susenas berdasarkan faktor komponen: pengeluaran konsumsi, pajak penghasilan, dan tabungan, efek dari perubahan komponen tersebut terhadap ketimpangan total pendapatan dapat diketahui. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa satu persen kenaikan komponen PPh OP di Indonesia cenderung untuk meningkatkan indeks Gini ketimpangan total pendapatan sebesar 1,4% di 2006 dan 1,8% di 2011. Hasil ini mengindikasikan bahwa struktur PPh OP tahun 2011 sedikit berkontribusi terhadap meningkatnya ketimpangan pendapatan. Dengan kata lain, PPh OP di Indonesia memiliki efek meningkatkan indeks Gini dari ketimpangan total pendapatan. Namun, komponen pengeluaran konsumsi memiliki efek menurunkan indeks Gini sampai dengan 6,4%.

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ABSTRACTTax in Indonesia contributes as the largest share to total government revenue while personal income tax (PIT) only contributes nearly 10 percent to total national tax revenue. Many researchers have tried to examine the correlation between progressive personal income taxation and income inequality. This research investigates the impact of progressive PIT rates on income distribution in Indonesia by using micro data Susenas 2006 and 2011. By decomposing Susenas data by factor components: consumption expenditure, income tax, and savings, the effect of a marginal change on these components on total income inequality are captured. This study finds that a one percent increase in income tax in Indonesia tends to increase the Gini index of total income inequality 1.4% in 2006 and 1.8% in 2011. This implies that the income tax structure in 2011 slightly increases its contribution to the income inequality. In other words, income tax in Indonesia has unequalizing effect to the Gini index of total income inequality. However, consumption expenditure has the equalizing effect to the Gini index up to 6.4%.;Tax in Indonesia contributes as the largest share to total government revenue while personal income tax (PIT) only contributes nearly 10 percent to total national tax revenue. Many researchers have tried to examine the correlation between progressive personal income taxation and income inequality. This research investigates the impact of progressive PIT rates on income distribution in Indonesia by using micro data Susenas 2006 and 2011. By decomposing Susenas data by factor components: consumption expenditure, income tax, and savings, the effect of a marginal change on these components on total income inequality are captured. This study finds that a one percent increase in income tax in Indonesia tends to increase the Gini index of total income inequality 1.4% in 2006 and 1.8% in 2011. This implies that the income tax structure in 2011 slightly increases its contribution to the income inequality. In other words, income tax in Indonesia has unequalizing effect to the Gini index of total income inequality. However, consumption expenditure has the equalizing effect to the Gini index up to 6.4%., Tax in Indonesia contributes as the largest share to total government revenue while personal income tax (PIT) only contributes nearly 10 percent to total national tax revenue. Many researchers have tried to examine the correlation between progressive personal income taxation and income inequality. This research investigates the impact of progressive PIT rates on income distribution in Indonesia by using micro data Susenas 2006 and 2011. By decomposing Susenas data by factor components: consumption expenditure, income tax, and savings, the effect of a marginal change on these components on total income inequality are captured. This study finds that a one percent increase in income tax in Indonesia tends to increase the Gini index of total income inequality 1.4% in 2006 and 1.8% in 2011. This implies that the income tax structure in 2011 slightly increases its contribution to the income inequality. In other words, income tax in Indonesia has unequalizing effect to the Gini index of total income inequality. However, consumption expenditure has the equalizing effect to the Gini index up to 6.4%.]"

"Research in Labor Economics volume 44 contains new and innovative research on the causes and consequences of inequality and well-being of the workforce."