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"Tax revenues provide governments with funds to invest in development, relieve poverty, deliver public services and build the physical and social infrastructure for long-term growth. Moreover, there are mutually beneficial links between taxation and good governance. Tax and Development: Aid Modalities for Strengthening Tax Systems highlights how taxation can have a positive effect on the quality of governance and a government{u2019}s relationship with citizens and, in turn, how good governance can have a positive effect on compliance and revenue mobilisation. How can international assistance providers, including OECD members, international and regional organisations, support the development of tax systems in developing countries? Tax and Development: Aid Modalities for Strengthening Tax Systems provides practical guidance for policy makers and practitioners based on the results of an extensive literature review, a survey of aid agency officials and six country case studies (Ghana, Guatemala, Liberia, Mali, Mozambique, and Tanzania). It examines the aid instruments that donors use to assist developing countries including general and sector budget support, basket financing, stand-alone bilateral aid and funding South-South organisations. The strengths and weaknesses of each modality for supporting tax systems are identified, and some 50 recommendations to support the development of effective, efficient and growth-oriented tax systems in developing countries are provided.Contents"

"Meta studi ini menelusuri praktik bantuan luar negeri Tiongkok di negara-negara berkembang yang mencakup wilayah Asia, Afrika, Amerika Latin & Karibia, dan Eropa Timur dan Tengah yang merupakan wilayah alokasi bantuan luar negeri Tiongkok menurut Buku Putih Tiongkok yang diterbitkan pada tahun 2011, 2014, dan 2021. Tulisan ini terbagi dalam tiga tema utama yaitu motif, karakteristik dan dinamika bantuan serta respons donor tradisional. Hasil penelusuran menemukan bahwa motif bantuan Tiongkok terutama diarahkan untuk mencapai kepentingan ekonomi yang mencakup perolehan sumber daya alam dan perluasan pasar Tiongkok, yang terjadi sejak 1980-an ketika Tiongkok melakukan internasionalisasi yang dicirikan dengan kebijakan yang lebih pragmatis. Dalam hal karakteristik bantuan, pragmatisme bantuan Tiongkok mencapai puncaknya setelah dikeluarkannya strategi going global pada akhir 1990-an, dengan bentuk bantuan yang beragam dan mulai menggabungkan antara bantuan dan investasi. Dalam hal dinamika serta respons donor tradisional, di wilayah Afrika kehadiran Tiongkok dianggap menantang donor tradisional, sementara di wilayah Asia Tenggara, Amerika Latin Karibia, Pasifik, dan Eropa Timur kehadiran bantuan Tiongkok masih menjadi perdebatan terkait anggapan tersebut. Adapun celah literatur tentang bantuan Tiongkok yang penulis temukan yaitu pembahasan terkonsentrasi ke wilayah Afrika dan minimnya pembahasan yang mengkritisi model bantuan Selatan-Selatan Tiongkok. Selain itu,  pembahasan bantuan luar negeri Tiongkok masih berfokus pada perspektif liberal dan minimnya studi yang membahas bantuan Tiongkok menggunakan perspektif lain terutama strukturalisme dan post-positivisme.

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This meta-study explores China's foreign aid practices in developing countries covering the regions of Asia, Africa, Latin America & the Caribbean, and Eastern and Central Europe which are China's foreign aid allocation areas according to the China White Paper published in 2011, 2014 , and 2021. This meta-study is divided into three main themes, namely the motives, characteristics and dynamics of traditional donor assistance and responses. The search results found that the motive for Chinese aid was mainly directed at achieving economic interests which included acquiring natural resources and expanding China's market, which had occurred since the 1980s when China carried out internationalization characterized by more pragmatic policies. In terms of the characteristics of aid, China's aid pragmatism reached its peak after the issuance of the going global strategy in the late 1990s, with various forms of aid starting to combine aid and investment. In terms of the dynamics and response of traditional donors, in the African region the presence of China is considered to challenge traditional donors, while in the regions of Southeast Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, the Pacific, and Eastern Europe, the presence of Chinese aid is still a matter of debate regarding this assumption. The literature gap on Chinese aid that the author found is that the discussion is concentrated on the African region and the lack of discussion that criticizes China's South-South aid model. In addition, the discussion of Chinese foreign aid still focuses on a liberal perspective and the lack of studies discussing Chinese aid using other perspectives, especially structuralism and post-positivism."