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"A Vision of Europe analyses a little-known collaborative effort by France and Germany to secure a durable peace between the World Wars, through European integration organized around a Franco-German axis. Received wisdom has it that the era of Franco-German rapprochement depended from 1925 on a close personal relationship between the French and German Foreign Ministers, Briand and Stresemann. With Stresemanns death in 1929, and the simultaneous onset of the interwar Great Depression, Germany in particular allegedly turned its back on this process of rapprochement several years before Hitler took power. However, A Vision of Europe challenges this view of Franco-German relations during the Depression years. Upsets and setbacks notwithstanding, a sustained mutual effort drew on political will, diplomatic rationale, economic synergies, cultural affinities, and various peace movements to agree a Franco-German customs union which had European union as its ultimate goal. These efforts were formalized in the Franco-German Berlin Accord of September 1931, with the diplomacy surrounding this event forming the heart of this book. By mid-1932, however, rapprochement had all but failed. An unforeseen crisis in trading relations, the impact on French opinion of a media scandal surrounding the publication of the late Stresemanns memoirs, and the disruptive impact of domestic party politics in both countries derailed a process that had been conceived by France and Germanys diplomatic, political and economic elites. Nonetheless, this first modern attempt at European unification reflected a deeper process and logic that survived Hitler and informed the creation of the contemporary European Union."

"Artikel ini membahas strategi dan kebijakan General Motors untuk bertahan pada masa Great Depression dari tahun 1929 sampai tahun 1935. Great Depression yang melanda negara Amerika Serikat mengakibatkan sektor industri goyah, tidak terkecuali General motors yang saat itu sedang mengalami kemajuan pesat sebagai manufaktur mobil tersukses mengungguli Ford dan Chrysler. Alfred P. Sloan sebagai direktur utama beserta jajaran direksi General Motors bertanggung jawab untuk mengeluarkan General Motors dari jurang depresi ekonomi. Sejumlah strategi diformulasikan untuk mempertahankan eksistensi General Motors, seperti menurunkan harga mobil mewah, mengurangi jumlah pekerja, hingga memberikan menggunakan bantuan kredit bernama General Motors Acceptance Corporation (GMAC) yang sudah lebih dulu dibentuk sejak 1919. Strategi perusahaan yang dirumuskan Sloan bersama timnya bertujuan membantu General Motors agar bisa bertahan ditengah kekacauan depresi ekonomi yang melanda Amerika Serikat. Oleh karena itu, penulis berargumen bahwa General Motors mengeluarkan kebijakan dan strategi seperti pemotongan biaya produksi dan pengurangan pekerja agar tetap bertahan selama gempuran Great Depression. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang meliputi empat tahapan, yaitu heuristik, kritik, interpretasi dan historiografi. Berbeda dengan kajian-kajian sebelumnya yang membahas dampak Great Depression terhadap manufaktur mobil di Amerika Serikat secara umum, penelitian ini terfokus pada strategi General Motors serta dampaknya terhadap perusahaan dan masyarakat Amerika Serikat. Sumber-sumber yang digunakan pada artikel ini adalah surat kabar, poster, buku serta jurnal yang terkait dengan General Motors.

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The article discusses General Motors strategies and policies to survive the Great Depression from 1929 to 1935.The Great Depression that hit the United States caused the industrial sector to falter, including General Motors, which at that time was experiencing rapid progress as the most successful car manufacturer outperformed Ford and Chrysler. Alfred P. Sloan as the president director and board of directors of General Motors is responsible for getting General Motors out of the brink of the economic depression. Strategies are formulated to maintain the existence of General Motors, such as reducing the price of luxury cars, reducing the number of workers, to providing credit assistance called the General Motors Acceptance Corporation (GMAC) which was formed in 1919. The company strategy formulated by Sloan together aims to help General Motors to can survive amid the economic turmoil that engulfs the United States. Therefore, the authors argue that General Motors issued policies and strategies such as cutting production and worker costs in order to survive during the Great Depression. This study uses a historical method which includes stages, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. In contrast to previous studies that discussed the impact of the Great Depression on car manufacturing in the United States in general, this study focuses on General Motors' strategy and its impact on US companies and society. The sources used in this article are newspapers, posters, books and journals related to General Motors."

"Artikel ini mengkaji tentang dampak peristiwa depresi ekonomi (The Great Depression) di Hindia Belanda khususnya pada masyarakat industri pertambangan minyak di wilayah Tjepoe. Depresi ekonomi merupakan peristiwa jatuhnya harga saham yang menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan aktivitas ekspor-impor di Amerika Serikat, yang kemudian berdampak pada seluruh dunia termasuk Hindia Belanda. Selanjutnya, peristiwa ini mempengaruhi berbagai sektor, dan yang akan dikaji dalam penelitian ini adalah dampaknya terhadap kehidupan ekonomi-sosial masyarakat industri pertambangan minyak di Tjepoe. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang meliputi empat tahapan, yaitu heuristik, kritik, interpretasi, dan historiografi. Kajian ini berbeda dengan kajian sebelumnya yang banyak membahas tentang dampak ekonomi dan sosial dari keberadaan industri pertambangan terhadap masyarakat yang tinggal di sekitarnya. Kajian ini berfokus pada pembahasan mengenai dampak ekonomi-sosial yang diakibatkan oleh adanya peristiwa depresi ekonomi terhadap kegiatan industri pertambangan di wilayah Tjepoe. Kajian ini membuktikan bahwa depresi ekonomi berpengaruh terhadap kelangsungan aktivitas industri pertambangan minyak di Tjepoe, dan penurunan aktivitas yang terjadi tersebut kemudian berdampak pada kehidupan ekonomi-sosial sebagian golongan masyarakat yang bergerak pada industri pertambangan minyak di Tjepoe. Hal ini dapat ditemukan pada laporan-laporan dan koran sezaman, yang menyebutkan bahwa depresi ekonomi yang mulai berdampak di Hindia Belanda pada tahun 1930 ini menyebabkan terjadinya pengurangan tenaga kerja dan pengurangan upah dalam industri pertambangan minyak di Tjepoe. Kajian ini menggunakan sumber-sumber baik sumber primer maupun sumber sekunder, yang meliputi arsip-arsip, koran-koran sezaman baik yang tersedia secara daring maupun yang diakses secara manual, buku-buku, serta berbagai jurnal yang terkait dengan kajian mengenai dampak ekonomisosial yang timbul akibat depresi ekonomi terhadap berbagai golongan masyarakat di Tjepoe, terutama masyarakat yang terlibat dalam industri pertambangan minyak di sana.

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This article examines the impact of the economic depression (Great Depression) in the Dutch East Indies, especially on the oil mining industry community in the Tjepoe region. Great Depression was an event of falling stock prices that caused a decline in export-import activities in the United States, which then had an impact on the whole world, including the Dutch East Indies. Furthermore, this event affects various sectors, and what will be studied in this research is its impact on the socio-economic life of the oil mining industry community in Tjepoe. This study uses the historical method which includes four stages, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. This study is different from previous studies, which discussed the economic and social impacts of the existence of the oil mining industry on the communities in those vicinities. This study focuses on discussing the socio-economic impact caused by Great Depression on the mining industry activities in the Tjepoe area. This study proves that Great Depression affects the continuity of the oil mining industry activities in Tjepoe, and the decline in activity that occurs then has an impact on the socio-economic life of some groups of people who are engaged in the oil mining industry in Tjepoe. This can be found in contemporary reports and newspapers, which state that Great Depression that began to have an impact in the Dutch East Indies in the 1930s led to a reduction in the workforce and a reduction in wages in the oil mining industry in Tjepoe. This study uses some sources, both primary and secondary sources, which include archives, contemporary newspapers both available online and manually accessed, books, and various journals related to the study of socio-economic impacts, arising from Great Depression on various groups of people in Tjepoe, especially the people who involved in the oil mining industry there."