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"Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari hubungan antara proses penggilingan karet dan karakteristik vulkanisasi karet alam. Analisiskarakteristik vulkanisasi dilakukan dengan merancang formula karet alam yang dimastikasi dan digiling, kemudian diikuti dengan pengamatan reaksi vulkanisasi. Ada empat metode mastikasi yang masing-masing metode diikuti oleh empat urutan proses pencampuran karet. Metode pertama, karet dimastikasi selama 5 menit dan kemudian diikuti penambahan bahan kimia karet dan carbon blackN 330 secara simultan. Metode kedua dan ketiga, karet dimastikasiselama 1 menit kemudian carbon black dan bahan kimia karet ditambahkan secara simulan tetapi menggunakan bahan mengisi dengan tipe yang berbeda. Metode keempat, karet dimastikasi selama 3 menit dan kemudian carbon black ditambahkan dahulu lalu diikuti dengan penambahan bahan kimia karet. Penambahan bahan kimia karet dan carbon black ke dalam karet dibedakan atas urutan dan waktu yang dibutuhkan untuk masing-masing proses pencampuran.Carbon black ditambahkan dalam dua kali, yang pertama 10 phr ditambahkan kemudian sisa carbon black 40 phr ditambahkan kemudian bersamaan dengan penambahan minyak. Metode yang lain, nisbah penambahan carbon black (penambahn pertama dan penambahan kedua bersamaan dengan minyak) adalah 20:30, 30:20, dan 40:10. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa proses penggilingan karet mempengaruhi perubahan karakteristik vulkanisasi. Ini dipengaruhi oleh metode penambahan carbon black. Suhu penggilingan juga mempengaruhi waktu dan laju vulkanisasi, di mana semakintinggi suhu penggilingan, semakin rendah waktu dan laju vulkanisasi. Suhu vulkanisasi juga mempengaruhi waktu dan laju vulkanisasi dengan semakin tinggi suhu vulkanisasi, semakin rendah waktu vulkanisasi dan semakin tinggi laju vulkanisasi. Selanjutnya, ukuran partikel carbon black juga mempengaruhi waktu dan laju vulkanisasi di mana semakinkecil ukuran partikel, semakin rendah waktu vulkanisasi dan semakin tinggi laju vulkanisasi.

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AbstractThis research is aimed at studying the relationship between rubber mixing processes and curing characteristics of natural rubber. The curing characteristic analysis was carried out through a natural rubber formula having been masticated and mixed, followed by curing. As many as four mastication methods were finely applied; each respected four sequences of rubber mixing process. In the first method, rubber was masticated for 5 minutes and then rubberchemicals and carbon black N 330 were simultaneously added. In the second and the third methods, rubber was masticated for 1 minute and then carbon blacks and rubber chemicals were also simultaneously added but using different type of fillers. In the fourth method, rubber was masticated for 3 minutes and then rubber chemicals andcarbon black were subsequently added. The additions of rubber chemicals and carbon blacks to the masticated rubberwere distinguished by the sequence and time allocated foreach mixing process. The carbon blacks were added in twostages by which 10 phr was added first and the remaining 40 phr was added later along with oil. In another method, ratios of the carbon blacks addition (as done in the first and the second stages) were 20:30, 30:20, and 40:10. The examination results showed that rubber mixing process gave an impact on the changes of curing characteristics. They were much affected by the method of carbon black addition. The mixing temperature also had an effect on both curing time and curing rate in which the higher the mixing temperature, the lower the curing time and curing rate. Vulcanizationtemperature also affected the curing time and curing rate in which the higher the vulcanization temperature, the lower the curing time and the higher the curing rate. Lastly, particle size of carbon black also gave an impact on the curing time and curing rate in which the smaller the particle size, the lower the curing time and the higher the curing rate."

"Contents: Internal structure ; production ; The importance of rubber to indonesia ; Estates ; Smallholders ; The marketing of smallholders rubber ; Conclusion"

"Pada Industri Karet khususnya pada Industri Ban yaitu menggunakan 75% bahan baku yang mengandung kimia karet Import (BR,ZNO,Stearic Acid, N330, Accelerator, MBTS, MBT, Wax, RPO, Pine Tar Oil, Homogenizing Agent, Antioxidant TMQ, Antioxidant SPC, Antioxidant 6PPD, Antioxidant IPPD) dan 25% mengandung bahan baku lokal (karet alam, kaolin & sulfur) sehingga harga yang tertekan adalah harga bahan baku lokal ini tidak dapat di upgrade karena 75% cost produksi bahan baku import. Bahan baku ini terkait dengan dollar maka selalu ada kenaikan harga. Oleh karena itu kami memanfaatkan Sumber Daya Alam Indonesia untuk memproduksi Karet Antioksidan yang mengganti produk import. Yang mana karet antioksidan ditentukan oleh nilai Aktifitas Antioksidan (IC50) yaitu konsentrasi antioksidan yang dibutuhkan untuk meredam 50% radikal bebas. Nilai Aktifitas Antioksidant (IC50) semakin kecil berarti semakin bagus karena dalam penggunaannya hanya sedikit sudah mampu meredam radikal bebas, sehingga produk yang dihasilkan dalam kondisi stabil. Antioksidan merupakan molekul yang mampu memperlambat atau mencegah proses oksidasi. Oksidasi adalah reaksi kimia yang dapat menghasilkan radikal bebas yang dapat merusak produk. Karena radikal bebas dapat merusak dan terjadinya perubahan properties seperti (Hardness, Tensile Strength, Elongation dan blooming (jamur).

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In the rubber industry especially in the tire industry, 75% of raw materials contain imported rubber chemicals (BR, ZNO, Stearic Acid, N330, Accelerator, MBTS, MBT, Wax, RPO, Pine Tar Oil, Homogenizing Agent, Antioxidant TMQ, Antioxidant SPC). , Antioxidant 6PPD, Antioxidant IPPD) and 25% contain local raw materials (natural rubber, kaolin & sulfur). This raw material is related to the dollar so there is always an increase in price. Therefore, we utilize Indonesia's Natural Resources to produce Antioxidant Rubber which replaces imported products. Which antioxidant rubber is determined by the value of Antioxidant Activity (IC50) which is the concentration of antioxidants needed to reduce 50% of free radicals. The lower the Antioxidant Activity (IC50) value, the better it is because in its use only a small amount is able to reduce free radicals, so the resulting product is in a stable condition. Antioxidants are molecules that are able to slow down or prevent the oxidation process. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals that can damage the product. Because free radicals can damage and change properties such as (Hardness, Tensile Strength, Elongation and blooming (fungus)."

"A World History of Rubber helps readers understand and gain new insights into the social and cultural contexts of global production and consumption, from the nineteenth century to today, through the fascinating story of one commodity. * Divides the coverage into themes of race, migration, and labor; gender on plantations and in factories; demand and everyday consumption; World Wars and nationalism; and resistance and independence * Highlights the interrelatedness of our world long before the age of globalization and the global social inequalities that persist today * Discusses key concepts of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including imperialism, industrialization, racism, and inequality, through the lens of rubber * Provides an engaging and accessible narrative for all levels that is filled with archival research, illustrations, and maps."

"Sebagai produsen terbesar karet alam, Thailand, Indonesia dan Malaysia membentuk International Tripartite Rubber Council (ITRC) dengan tujuan untuk menjaga stabilisasi harga karet pada tingkat yang menguntungkan bagi petani. Dalam mencapai tujuannya, ITRC menggunakan skema Supply Management Scheme (SMS) yang merupakan cara pengendalian produksi karet alam melalui program peremajaan tanaman (replanting) dan pengaturan pembukaan lahan baru serta menggunakan skema Agreed Export Tonnage Scheme (AETS) untuk melakukan pembatasan kuota ekspor karet alam dari ketiga negara anggota. Tesis ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa dampak kebijakan ITRC dalam mempengaruhi harga karet melalui pengendalian produksi dan ekspor karet alam. Pelaksanaan skema ITRC dipresentasikan sebagai dummy. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, skema kebijakan ITRC berpengaruh terhadap ekspor dan harga di ketiga negara, namun tidak signifikan dalam mempengaruhi produksi karet alam di tiga negara.

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The biggest producer of natural rubber, Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia formed the International Tripartite Rubber Council (ITRC) in order to maintain the stabilization of natural rubber prices at a level that is remunerative for farmers. In achieving its objectives, ITRC using the scheme Supply Management Scheme (SMS) and Agreed Export Tonnage Scheme (AETS). SMS is a way of controlling the production of natural rubber through a program of replanting (replanting) and new planting. AETS is a quota restriction on exports of natural rubber from The third member countries.

The objective of this thesis is to analyze the impact of ITRC policy in influencing rubber price through control in production and export of natural rubber. ITRC implementation was presented as a dummy. Based on the research, ITRC's policy influencing export and price of natural rubber in three countries. But, in production side, there is no impact of ITRC's policy."