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"Tanah memiliki empat dimensi fungsi yaitu tanah sebagai materi fisik lapisan bumi yang menunjang semua unsur kehidupan, tanah secara hukum disebut juga sebagai properti nyata atau real estate untuk tujuan dimiliki dan digunakan, tanah sebagai objek modal yang dapat dimiliki dan digunakan oleh pemilik untuk memperoleh keuntungan ekonomi secara maksimal, dan tanah juga memiliki nilai non ekonomi yang berkaitan dengan nilai budaya. Kebutuhan tanah untuk berbagai kepentingan terus meningkat. Kebutuhan tersebut diantaranya untuk pembangunan infrastruktur dan lahan pertanian. Disisi lain lahan pertanian terus menyusut karena alih fungsi lahan yang sulit dibendung diantaranya untuk kebutuhan industry dan permukiman. Akibatnya konflik penggunaan dan pemanfaatan tanah semakin tinggi, yang selanjutnya mengakibatkan timbulnya permasalahan pertanahan. Untuk mendeteksi potensi dan mitigasi permasalahan pertanahan dilokasi perencanaan food estate Kalimantan Tengah maka langkah awal yang dilakukan adalah dengan melakukan survey Pemetaan Tematik Pertanahan dan Ruang (PTPR) untuk menghasilkan peta penguasaaan tanah dan penggunaan tanah. Selanjutnya dilakukan overlay peta dengan RTRW, Kawasan hutan dan Peta HGU untuk melihat potensi permasalahan pertanahan. Hasil dari tahapan tersebut dianalisa dengan hasil sintesis beberapa peraturan perundangan yang berkaitan dengan penyelesaian permasalahan pertanahan. Kesimpulan penelitian ini menghasilkan tipologi permasalahan pertanahan yang terdiri dari: permasalahan pertanahan antara masyarakat dengan pemerintah, dan permasalahan pertanahan antara masyarakat dengan badan hukum. Distribusi spasial permasalahan pertanahan terjadi secara acak. Model penyelesaian permasalahan pertanahan terdiri dari: model penyelesaian diwilayah kawasan hutan karena keterlanjuran dan pelanggaran, model penyelesaian diluar kawasan hutan dengan pendekatan penyelesaian konflik, sengketa, dan perkara pertanahan, serta model penyelesaian permasalahan pertanahan dengan penetapan sebagai tanah terlantar.

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Land has four functional dimensions, i.e., land as physical material of the earth that support every aspect of life, as legal property to be possessed and used, as capital object that can be possessed and used by its owner to obtain maximum economic gain, and as an object with cultural values. Demand for land is continually increasing. Among of the many uses are for infrastructures and agriculture. On the other hand, agricultural lands are shrinking, converted into industrial area and human settlements. This has caused higher level of tenurial conflict. In order to detect and mitigate tenurial issues in the planned area of food estate project, a land thematic and spatial mapping survey was conducted to produce maps of land occupation and land use. The maps were then overlaid to the spatial planning map, map of forest area and map of cultivation rights on land, which would show intersectional areas that potentially problematic. The problems were identified through synthesizing substance from land-related articles in three regulations. There are three types of land tenurial issues, i.e., dispute between a community with government, and between a community with a private entity. The spatial distribution of land problems is randomly distributed. We formulate three models of resolution in this regard, i.e., resolution within forest area for post-infringement and violation cases, resolution outside forest area through resolution approach for land conflicts, disputes and cases, resolution through the order of abandoned land."

"There is an increasing need for nonprofit organizations to improve their way of management and operation so that they can optimally use its limited resources to provide better services to its environment. Budgeting is one of a number of important areas of management and operation. The thesis focuses on the use of budgeting as planning and controlling tools in a nonprofit organization. The information required in the development of the thesis is obtained through field study in AIESEC International as well as a study of literatures in the libraries. AIESEC International formulates its year plan prior to the development of annual budget. In such a manner, available resources can be allocated based on the priorities to achieve the organizational goals. In developing its budget, AIESEC International applies participatory budgeting with bottom-up approach. This way, the budget developed may contain a more reliable data as the persons involved are familiar with daily operation. As the budget is developed, it is then reviewed and approved by AIESEC member countries. The development of expenditures budget precedes the development of revenues budget. The targeted revenues are then expected to be balanced the estimated expenditures. The budget structure follows the management structure of AIESEC International, in which it consists of budgets for functional key areas as well as for the regions. AIESEC International allocates its revenues and expenditures to one unrestricted and a number of restricted funds. The revenues are generated from internal and external financial sources. Revenues from internal sources consist of fees collection from member countries, while those from external sources are mostly in the forms of sponsorship, grants and donations from government, private institutions and companies. As an attempt to obtain a better reflection of financial condition, starting in the 1992/1993 financial year, the accrual basis accounting is used as the revenues recognition method, replacing the former cash basis accounting. It can be concluded that AIESEC International has been using the budget as its planning and coordination tools. However, the use of budget as a controlling and performance evaluation tools has not been fully implemented."