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"Summary: "This book is the only annual study that dissects Indonesia's sub-national competitiveness at both the provincial level (covering 34 provinces) and the regional level (covering six major island groups). Based on a rich dataset of 103 indicators, the study covers four environments of competitiveness: (1) Macroeconomic Stability, (2) Government and Institutional Setting, (3) Financial, Businesses, and Manpower Conditions, and (4) Quality of Life and Infrastructure Development. It also presents each province and region's comparative strengths and weaknesses, and conducts "what-if" policy simulations to propose policy suggestions"

"Tiongkok dan India merupakan kedua negara dengan tingkat pertumbuhan PDB tertinggi di dunia. Kesuksesan kedua negara tersebut dimulai sejak kedua negara tersebut memutuskan untuk melakukan liberalisasi pasar. Namun, kedua negara tersebut memiliki perbedaan dalam kebijakan moneter dan rezim nilai tukarnya, seperti kebijakan moneter Tiongkok yang berbasis Monetary Aggregate Targeting dan rezim nilai tukar tetap, dengan India yang kebijakan moneternya berbasis Inflation Targeting Framework dan rezim nilai tukar mengambang. Untuk melihat komparasi peranan kebijakan moneter terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dari Tiongkok dan India, penelitian ini menggunakan analisis VAR dan OLS dari tahun 1978 hingga 2020 terhadap pertumbuhan PDB sebagai variabel dependen dan jumlah uang beredar, tingkat inflasi, current account balance, tingkat suku bunga riil, dan policy rate sebagai variabel independen. Hasil yang didapat adalah variabel-variabel kebijakan moneter Tiongkok seperti jumlah uang beredar dan tingkat suku bunga berpengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan PDB Tiongkok, sedangkan variabel-variabel kebijakan moneter India tidak ada yang signifikan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan PDB India. Hasil dari penelitian ini juga memberikan referensi dan saran bagi Bank Indonesia untuk lebih memperhatikan lagi kontribusi kebijakan moneternya terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia, lebih meningkatkan kinerja tingkat suku bunga dalam mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia yang lebih stabil, dan menjadi referensi untuk penelitian selanjutnya.

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China and India are two countries with the highest GDP growth rates in the world. The success of the two countries began when the two countries decided to carry out market liberalization. However, the two countries have differences in monetary policy and exchange rate regimes, such as China's monetary policy based on Monetary Aggregate Targeting and a fixed exchange rate regime, with India whose monetary policy is based on the Inflation Targeting Framework and floating exchange rate regime. To compare the role of monetary policy on economic growth from China and India, this study uses VAR and OLS analysis from 1978 to 2020 on GDP growth as the dependent variable and the money supply, inflation rate, current account balance, real interest rates, and policy rate as an independent variable. The results obtained that China's monetary policy variables such as the money supply and interest rates have a significant effect on China's GDP growth, while India's monetary policy variables do not significantly affect India's GDP growth. The results of this study also provide references and suggestions for Bank Indonesia to pay more attention to the contribution of monetary policy to Indonesia's economic growth, further improve the performance of interest rates in promoting more stable Indonesia's economic growth, and become a reference for further research."

"ABSTRACTThe research titled "Policies & reforms in the non-farm sector - a comparative study of india & china" aims to look at policies &reforms in the non-farm sector. It would look into the growth & role of the non-farm sector in the context of global food shortages &WTO deadloct in agricultural trade. It would also look at the aspect of corporatisation affecting the sector & the impact of marketing, technology, infrastructure &finance on its growth prospects. It would finally look at the form of governance structure along with the role of civil society groups / grass root institutions / NGOs & tr tpo decipher their role on the policy implementation in the non-farm sector. The study would be a comparative analysis of Indoa & China & all the above aspects would be looked atThe research seeks to examine the following-1. Whether the shift in the non-farm sector is beneficial & sustainable in the long run(especially in the context of global & domestic food shortages)Whether & to what extend has corporatism affected the functioning of the non-farm sector & its impact on small producers.3. Whether the form of government (democratic vs authoritaran) & the structure of governance affects policymaking & policy implementation & the need for governance reforms.4. To examine finally the changing roles of the state, private sector & civil society.MethodologyThe method used would be theoretical & analytical. The study would be based on primary & secondary sources. Primary sources would include interviews of policymakers, academicians, NGO workers etc. It would also include government reports, government annual plans, government surveys, annual reports of international organizations & non-government organizations etc. Secondary sources would include books, journals, magazines, newspapers & other relevant sources.ChapterizationThe study would be divided into the following chapters-The first chapter deals with Conceptual &Theoritical issues. The Chapter looks into the followingA) the importance of agriculture & the conflict between the availabilit of food & fuelsB) i) the issue of diversification & the non-farm sector - the definition of diversification, the causes of it & the cross country estimates & trends.ii) the positive effects & the shortcomings of diversification & the non-farm sectorC. The issue of agribusiness has been examined ( the definition & the reasons for its growth). The existebce & supermarkets has been observed critical questions raised about this emerging phenomenon.D) role of good govenance-state, private institutions & civil society institutions-each institution's role in promoting good governanceE) the reasons for comparing India & China.The second chapter examines the followingA) the history of agriculture (pre-reform) & the agrarian scene after the reform period till the present times.The research titled "Policies & reforms in the non-farm sector - a comparative study of india & china" aims to look at policies &reforms in the non-farm sector. It would look into the growth &role of the non-farm sector in the context of global food shortages &WTO deadloct in agricultural trade. It would also look at the aspect of corporatisation affecting the sector & the impact of marketing, technology, infrastructure &finance on its growth prospects. It would finally look at the form of governance structure along with the role of civil society groups / grass root institutions / NGOs & tr tpo decipher their role on the policy implementation in the non-farm sector. The study would be a comparative analysis of Indoa & China & all the above aspects would be looked atThe research seeks to examine the following-1. Whether the shift in the non-farm sector is beneficial & sustainable in the long run(especially in the context of global & domestic food shortages)Whether & to what extend has corporatism affected the functioning of the non-farm sector & its impact on small producers.3. Whether the form of government (democratic vs authoritaran) & the structure of governance affects policymaking & policy implementation & the need for governance reforms.4. To examine finally the changing roles of the state, private sector & civil society.MethodologyThe method used would be theoretical & analytical. The study would be based on primary & secondary sources. Primary sources would include interviews of policymakers, academicians, NGO workers etc. It would also include government reports, government annual plans, government surveys, annual reports of international organizations & non-government organizations etc. Secondary sources would include books, journals, magazines, newspapers & other relevant sources.ChapterizationThe study would be divided into the following chapters-The first chapter deals with Conceptual &Theoritical issues. The Chapter looks into the followingA) the importance of agriculture & the conflict between the availabilit of food & fuelsB) i) the issue of diversification & the non-farm sector - the definition of diversification, the causes of it & the cross country estimates & trends.ii) the positive effects & the shortcomings of diversification & the non-farm sectorC. The issue of agribusiness has been examined ( the definition & the reasons for its growth). The existebce & supermarkets has been observed critical questions raised about this emerging phenomenon.D) role of good govenance-state, private institutions & civil society institutions-each institution's role in promoting good governanceE) the reasons for comparing India & China.The second chapter examines the followingA) the history of agriculture (pre-reform) & the agrarian scene after the reform period till the present times.The research titled "Policies & reforms in the non-farm sector - a comparative study of india & china" aims to look at policies &reforms in the non-farm sector. It would look into the growth &role of the non-farm sector in the context of global food shortages &WTO deadloct in agricultural trade. It would also look at the aspect of corporatisation affecting the sector & the impact of marketing, technology, infrastructure &finance on its growth prospects. It would finally look at the form of governance structure along with the role of civil society groups / grass root institutions / NGOs & tr tpo decipher their role on the policy implementation in the non-farm sector. The study would be a comparative analysis of Indoa & China & all the above aspects would be looked atThe research seeks to examine the following-1. Whether the shift in the non-farm sector is beneficial & sustainable in the long run(especially in the context of global & domestic food shortages)Whether & to what extend has corporatism affected the functioning of the non-farm sector & its impact on small producers.3. Whether the form of government (democratic vs authoritaran) & the structure of governance affects policymaking & policy implementation & the need for governance reforms.4. To examine finally the changing roles of the state, private sector & civil society.MethodologyThe method used would be theoretical & analytical. The study would be based on primary & secondary sources. Primary sources would include interviews of policymakers, academicians, NGO workers etc. It would also include government reports, government annual plans, government surveys, annual reports of international organizations & non-government organizations etc. Secondary sources would include books, journals, magazines, newspapers & other relevant sources.ChapterizationThe study would be divided into the following chapters-The first chapter deals with Conceptual &Theoritical issues. The Chapter looks into the followingA) the importance of agriculture & the conflict between the availabilit of food & fuelsB) i) the issue of diversification & the non-farm sector - the definition of diversification, the causes of it & the cross country estimates & trends.ii) the positive effects & the shortcomings of diversification & the non-farm sectorC. The issue of agribusiness has been examined ( the definition & the reasons for its growth). The existebce & supermarkets has been observed critical questions raised about this emerging phenomenon.D) role of good govenance-state, private institutions & civil society institutions-each institution's role in promoting good governanceE) the reasons for comparing India & China.The second chapter examines the followingA) the history of agriculture (pre-reform) & the agrarian scene after the reform period till the present times.The research titled "Policies & reforms in the non-farm sector - a comparative study of india & china" aims to look at policies &reforms in the non-farm sector. It would look into the growth &role of the non-farm sector in the context of global food shortages &WTO deadloct in agricultural trade. It would also look at the aspect of corporatisation affecting the sector & the impact of marketing, technology, infrastructure &finance on its growth prospects. It would finally look at the form of governance structure along with the role of civil society groups / grass root institutions / NGOs & tr tpo decipher their role on the policy implementation in the non-farm sector. The study would be a comparative analysis of Indoa & China & all the above aspects would be looked atThe research seeks to examine the following-1. Whether the shift in the non-farm sector is beneficial & sustainable in the long run(especially in the context of global & domestic food shortages)Whether & to what extend has corporatism affected the functioning of the non-farm sector & its impact on small producers.3. Whether the form of government (democratic vs authoritaran) & the structure of governance affects policymaking & policy implementation & the need for governance reforms.4. To examine finally the changing roles of the state, private sector & civil society.MethodologyThe method used would be theoretical & analytical. The study would be based on primary & secondary sources. Primary sources would include interviews of policymakers, academicians, NGO workers etc. It would also include government reports, government annual plans, government surveys, annual reports of international organizations & non-government organizations etc. Secondary sources would include books, journals, magazines, newspapers & other relevant sources.ChapterizationThe study would be divided into the following chapters-The first chapter deals with Conceptual &Theoritical issues. The Chapter looks into the followingA) the importance of agriculture & the conflict between the availabilit of food & fuelsB) i) the issue of diversification & the non-farm sector - the definition of diversification, the causes of it & the cross country estimates & trends.ii) the positive effects & the shortcomings of diversification & the non-farm sectorC. The issue of agribusiness has been examined ( the definition & the reasons for its growth). The existebce & supermarkets has been observed critical questions raised about this emerging phenomenon.D) role of good govenance-state, private institutions & civil society institutions-each institution's role in promoting good governanceE) the reasons for comparing India & China.The second chapter examines the followingA) the history of agriculture (pre-reform) & the agrarian scene after the reform period till the present times.B) the non-farm sector & diversification-the role of it in the current scenario-its impact on poverty reduction, employment, environment, overall significance etc.C) the retail sector & its role in the country.D) the requirements for the growth of the non-farm sector & the significance of each of the variables & their current role in the economy (like land, credit, marketing, research & technology, environment etc).E) trade policy & WTO.All third chapter looks into the theoritical debate between democratic & authoritarian structures of governance. It also looks into the history & evolution of the character of the state in India & China. Finally, it sees the current strengths & weaknesses of the two states & their decision making structures agains the backdrop of globalization, corporatism & emerging waves of democratic upsurges.The fourth chapter looks at the role of civil society & grass root level institutions in India & China. These institutions have been making a lot of impact in creating consciousness among the people & in promoting democratic decision making. The chapter examines how the existebce of these institutions can influence the environment & the kind of decisions that the Central Government makes in the future in both the countries.The fifth chapter deals with the comparative analysis of India & China.Finally the sixth chapter deals with the conclution & the measures that need to be taken in the future."

"Peningkatan hubungan bilateral antara India dan China, salah satunya dilihat dari Peningkatan pesat nilai perdagangan bilateral dua dekade terakhir. Berbagai kesepakatan dalam kerjasama bersama antara India dan China semakin mendorong peningkatan nilai perdagangan kedua negara. Namun demikian, defisit perdagangan yang terus menerus dialami India dengan China menimbulkan berbagai pertanyaan, apakah kepentingan yang ingin dicapai India dari China. Saat ini, kepentingan ekonomi bukanlah tujuan dari India terhadap China, melainkan adanya kepentingan-kepentingan non ekonomi. Hal inilah yang kemudian penulis teliti dan analisis yang kemudian membawa peneliti dalam dua jawaban besar yakni, adanya kepentingan perdamaian India dengan China dan keinginan India untuk menggandeng China sebagai partner dalam tatanan sistem internasional.

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The rapidly deepening bilateral India-China relationship are viewed in rapidly bilateral trade value in last two decades. Many agreements in joint delcarations between India-China encourages increasing trade value of both countries. However, India trade deficit more and more greater makes some questions, what is the India?s interest toward China. Nowdays, economic interest is not the purpose of India, but non economic interest. This issue backgrounds make researcher has two big answers for this issue, first, India peace interest with China, second, The Importance of India to join with China in International system."

"Tesis ini membahas kebijakan insentif pajak penghasilan atas biaya penelitian dan pengembangan yang dikaitkan dengan pentingnya peranan teknologi dalam perekonomian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan kebijakan pemberian insentif yang terkait dengan biaya penelitian dan pengembangan di beberapa negara dan menjelaskan kendala yang dihadapi oleh pemerintah dalam meningkatkan kegiatan R&D di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa insentif pajak yang digunakan oleh beberapa negara yang menjadi objek penelitian adalah super deduction dan tax credit. Setiap negara juga memiliki tarif insentif R&D, ketentuan carry forward, dan yurisdiksi kegiatan R&D yang berbeda-beda sesuai dengan kebijakan negara tersebut. Di dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2008 tidak disebutkan tentang biaya dan kegiatan apa saja yang termasuk dalam cakupan kegiatan R&D untuk menjadi pengurang penghasilan bruto.

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This thesis discusses policy of income tax incentive of research and development in relation to the importance of the role of technolocy in the economy. This research aims to analyze the tax incentive policy for expenditure on research and development (R&D) activities in Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, India, Australia, and China and analyzes constraints faced by the government to improve R&D activities in Indonesia. This research uses qualitative approach.

The results show that tax incentives are used by some of the countries which are the object of research are super deduction and tax credit. Each country also has R&D tax incentive rates, the carry forward provision, and the jurisdiction of the R&D activities that varies according to the country?s police. In Law Number 36 of 2008 does not stated the definition of the activities and what costs are included in the scope of R&D activities to be deduction from gross income."