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"The literature is trying to explain the effectiveness of monetary policy in Indonesia in influencing the exchange rate under fixed and flexible exchange rate regime. The analysis is combined with their capital mobility relationship. The explanation based on the Mundell's famous trinity : The incompatible among fixed exchange rate, independent monetary policy and perfect capital mobility. The object of the research is Indonesia exchange rate experience between 1970-1994. Under the condition of sticky domestic price level and uncovered purchasing power parity, by using the two-countries asset-market model, the estimation of Indonesia exchange rate movement under fixed exchange rate regime (1971.1-1978.3) proved the Mundell's theorem, that the monetary policy does not compatible with the fixed exchange rate, while the liberalization of capital account did not followed by the opening of capital market, which made the condition of imperfect capital mobility because the capital is easy to move out but hard to move in. The condition was exacerbated with the financial repression at the time. Meanwhile under the preliminary period of flexible exchange rate, besides the imperfect capital mobility condition issue whis is caused by the not-well developing capital market, there is also a sequencing issue which impede the monetary policy. The issue was due to the lateness of the government to move the financial barriers under financial repression : The peg of interest rate and the peg of credit ceiling. While the flexible exchange rate regime had begun on the late of 1978, the financial repression barriers just removed out in the mid of 1983. One compulsory macro-economic condition which has to be fulfilled in order the monetary policy to have effectiveness in influencing the exchange rate under the flexible regime is the ability of interest rate to move up and down as needed. Otherwise, the result is somewhat alike with the monetary policy under the fixed exchange rate. This is shown up by the estimation in the period 1978.3-1983.2. This also explain why the 1982 monetary policy did not have the influence on the nominal exchange rate fluctuation, but succesfully made the inflation move slowlier. The estimation under flexible exchange rate after 1983 shows that the monetary policy is compatible with the flexible exchange rate, but still before 1988, the capital market had not been developed. The capital market was develop after the 1988 deregulation policy and it was integrated with the international market after 1992. This explain that some of the monetary policy had have the influence on the small fluctuation of the nominal exchange rate. Among those are the 1987 sterilitation policy and the 1990 tight money policy. While the 1991 sterilization policy, did not create any fluctuation on the nominal exchange rate. A small apreciation at the end of 1993 1 believed, was caused by the movement of short run capital. The estimation for the causality of the monetary policy and capital mobility to the exchange rate has shown that for the observation period, the monetary policies which have the effect on the variance of the exchange rate are the removed of the peg of the interest rate out, the sterilization policy and the 1988 reserve requirement policy. Capital mobility did not have the effect to the exchange rate variance."

"Pengaruh nilai tukar terhadap pertumbuhan dan ekspor memiliki jawaban yang inkonklusif tergantung pada variabel-variabel yang digunakan untuk menjelaskannya dan negara yang dijadikan sampel. Untuk kasus Indonesia, volatilitas ekspor berpengaruh negatif pada pertumbuhan output. Ketidakmampuan meredam fluktuasi ekspor akan berdampak buruk pada pertumbuhan Indonesia. Dua faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi volatilitas ekspor ini adalah volatilitas nilai tukar riil dan sistem nilai tukar. Untuk mengurangi volatilitas ekspor, maka stabilitas nilai tukar riil dan sistem nilai tukar managed floating menjadi salah satu solusi yang dapat diterapkan di Indonesia.

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The impact of real exchange rate to the exports volatility and growth are inconclusive discussion. It depends on variables using in their research and countries economies characteristic to be sample. For Indonesia exports volatility has negative impact to the output growth. A disability to minimize exports volatility aggravate for Indonesian growth. There are two determinants exports volatility are real exchange rate volatility and regime. Real exchange rate stability and managed floating needed as a one of solution to lessen exports volatility."

"Dengan menggunakan metode ARDL bounds testing yang dikemukakan oleh Pesaran (2001), tesis ini ingin mempelajari pengaruh dari volatilitas Nilai tukar terhadap performa ekspor Indonesia ke Tiongkok dan Singapura yang merupakan pasar ekspor Indonesia terbesar pertama dan kelima. Dengan menggunakan fungsi permintaan ekspor yang dipergunakan di kajian Doganlar (2002), tesis ini menggunakan metode ARDL bounds testing untuk melihat pengaruh volatilitas nilai tukar beserta pendapatan asing dan harga relatif terhadap volume eskpor di jangka pendek dan jangka panjang. Tesis ini menemukan bahwa volatilitas memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan dan negatif terhadap volume ekspor Indonesia ke Tiongkok, sedangkan untuk volume ekspor ke Singapura pengaruhnya tidak signifikan. Temuan kajian ini menyiratkan bahwa pengekspor barang ke Tiongkok merespon terhadap meningkatnya risiko nilai tukar tukar dengan mengurangi ekspor, beralih ke pasar domestik, dan/atau meningkatkan harga barang. Sedangkan, pengekspor ke barang ke Singapura tidak merespon terhadap meningkatnya risiko nilai tukar.

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Using Pesaran’s (2001) ARDL bounds testing approach, this study aims to find out the effects of exchange rate volatility on Indonesia’s exports performance to China and Singapore, Indonesia’s first and fifth export destination respectively. Study employed the export demand function as used in Doganlar’s (2002) study with Pesaran’s (2001) ARDL bounds testing approach to ascertain the effects of real exchange rate volatility, as well as foreign income and relative prices on the short-run and the long-run. This study found that exchange rate volatility has a significant and negative impact on Indonesian exports to China, while in the case of Singapore volatility does not have any significant impact. These findings suggest, based on previous similar studies, that exporters to China respond to mounting exchange rate risk through reducing exports, switching to the domestic market, and/or raising prices while exporters to Singapore does not respond to mounting exchange rate risk."

"Sebagai konsekuensi global value chains GVC , nilai tukar dan volatilitasnya menjadi semakin penting dalam memengaruhi output suatu negara. Sebuah pertanyaan menarik yang kemudian mengemuka adalah mengenai perubahan hubungan nilai tukar terhadap output dalam tren GVC.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menginvestigasi bagaimana nilai tukar dan volatilitasnya dalam memengaruhi output, dan juga untuk mengekplorasi dampak partisipasi GVC terhadap output. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel yang mencakup lima negara di Asia, meliputi Indonesia, Thailand, Jepang, Korea Selatan, dan Malaysia, dengan data deret waktu tahunan periode 1990-2015. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah pendekatan ekonometrika dengan System Generalized Method of Moment SYS-GMM.Hasil penelitian mengungkap bahwa, pertama, volatilitas nilai tukar memiliki hubungan negatif terhadap output. Kedua, ditemukan bahwa apresiasi nilai tukar meningkatkan output secara signifikan. Ketiga, peningkatan partisipasi GVC secara signifikan meningkatkan output. Oleh karena itu, dampak nilai tukar terhadap output sangat bergantung pada pola GVC masing-masing negara.

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As a consequence of the global value chains GVC , exchange rate and its volatility becomes more important in influencing the output of a country. An interesting question that then surfaced was regarding the alteration of exchange rate relationship towards output in the GVC trend.This study aims to investigate how the exchange rate and its volatility affect output, and also explores the impact of GVC participation on output. We employed panel data which covers five countries in Asia, including Indonesia, Thailand, Japan, South Korea, and Malaysia, with annual data series through 1990 2015. The analytical method used in this study is the econometric approach with System Generalized Method of Moment SYS GMM.The result reveals that, first, the exchange rate volatility has a negative relationship to output. Second, the appreciation of exchange rate is found to increase output significantly. Third, the increase of GVC participation is significantly lead to increase output. Therefore, the impact of exchange rate on output depends very much on the GVC pattern in respective country."