"[
ABSTRAKPerkembangan industri di Karawang, yang awalnya diharapkan mampu
menyerap banyak tenaga kerja lokal, ternyata secara tidak langsung berdampak
pada hilangnya kesempatan kerja dan tingginya jumlah pengangguran lokal.
Persoalan pengangguran ini menuntut dirancangnya kebijakan ketenagakerjaan
yang lebih berpihak pada pengangguran lokal, yaitu Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No.
1/2011 tentang Penempatan Tenaga Kerja Lokal. Kebijakan ini bertujuan sebagai
tindakan afirmatif (affirmative action) untuk mendesak terdistribusinya
kesempatan kerja bagi pengangguran lokal yang tereksklusi dalam dunia industri.
Namun, Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 ini belum mampu
diimplementasikan secara optimal, sebab masih terdapat berbagai perselisihan
kepentingan di antara aktor-aktor yang terkena dampak dari implementasi
kebijakan ini. Berbeda dengan berbagai penelitian terhadap implementasi
kebijakan yang cenderung hanya meninjau aspek-aspek prosedural dan
administratif pada level tertentu, penelitian ini berupaya mengurai faktor-faktor
sosiologis, terutama relasi sosial di antara aktor-aktor yang memiliki kepentingan
yang berbeda, sebagai pendukung atau pun penghambat proses implementasi
kebijakan ketenagakerjaan dalam multilevel: mikro, meso dan makro.
Karenanya, analisis penelitian ini dibagi dalam tiga persoalan: (1) proses
implementasi kebijakan; (2) faktor-faktor yang mendukung implementasi
kebijakan di level makro, meso dan mikro; dan (3) faktor-faktor yang
menghambat implementasi kebijakan di level makro, meso dan mikro. Dengan
begitu, penelitian ini diharapkan mampu meninjau proses implementasi kebijakan
ketenagakerjaan secara lebih komprehensif.
Berdasarkan temuan penelitian, terdapat dua faktor yang mendukung
proses implementasi Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011: (1) beberapa aspek
dalam lingkungan eksternal (makro), seperti perkembangan pasar otomotif dan
usaha garmen; (2) kerja sama stakeholders, seperti perusahaan Yahama dan
Organisasi Masyarakat Sipil (OMS). Sementara di level mikro tidak ditemukan
faktor pendukung proses implementasi. Namun, kedua faktor pendukung tersebut
lebih bersifat kondisional, sehingga sulit diterapkan pada sektor-sektor lainnya.
Sedangkan faktor-faktor penghambat proses implementasi justru lebih
banyak ditemukan di semua level, baik makro, meso maupun mikro. Di level
makro atau struktural, ditemukan tiga faktor penghambat, yaitu: (1) ketidakjelasan
rancangan kebijakan; (2) membludaknya pencari kerja baru dan minimnya
lapangan kerja; (3) minimnya anggaran. Di level meso, ditemukan dua faktor
penghambat, yaitu: (1) lemahnya sistem dan budaya organisasi; (2) resistensi
stakeholders. Sedangkan di level mikro, ditemukan dua faktor penghambat: (1) lemahnya SDM lokal; (2) kepentingan pribadi. Dengan demikian dapat
disimpulkan bahwa proses implementasi Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011
masih belum diimplementasikan secara optimal berdasarkan banyaknya faktorfaktor
penghambat yang tidak mampu diatasi oleh Pemerintah Daerah Karawang.
ABSTRACTThe Industry development in Karawang, which is initially expected to
absorb many local workers, in fact indirectly influences the losing of the job
opportunity and the high rate of the local unemployment. This unemployment
case forces the attempt to design the employment policy,Pasal 25 Perda
Karawang No. 1/2011 about Formation of the Local Workers, which tend to
sustain the local employment. This policy aims to be an affirmative action to insist
the distributed job opportunity for the local unemployment which is exclusive in
the industry field.
However, the Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 has not implemented
optimally yet, since there are still various conflict of interests among the actors
affected by this implementationpolicy. Having some differences from some other
various studies discussing the policy implementation which tend to observe the
procedural and administrative aspects in a certain level, this study seek to
elaborate the sociological factors, particularly social relations among the actors
having the different interests, as a support or hindrance of the implementation of
the employmentpolicy in multilevel: micro, medium, and macro.
Due to such considerations, the analysis of this study is divided into three
matters: (1) the process of policy implementation; (2) the sustainingfactors of the
policy implementation in the levels of macro, medium, and micro; and (3) the
intervening factors of the policy implementation in the levels of macro, medium,
and micro. This study is, therefore, expected to provide the more comprehensive
investigation toward the implementation of employment policy.
The findings reveal that there are two factors sustaining the
implementation process of Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011: (1) several
aspects in the external situation (macro), for instance the development of
automotive and garment industries; (2) cooperation of stakeholders, such as
Yamaha company and Resident Civil Organization/Organisasi Masyarakat Sipil
(OMS). Meanwhile, in the micro level, the sustaining factors of the
implementation process were not found. However, the two sustaining factors tend
to be conditional that these tend to be difficult to be implemented in other sectors. On the other hand, the intervening factors of the implementation process
are more frequently found in all levels, either in the levels of macro, medium, or
micro. In the macro or structural level, three intervening factors were found: (1)
the lack of clearance in the policy design; (2) the increasing number of the new
job seekers and the lack of work-field; (3) the lack of budgeting. In the medium
level, two intervening factors were found: (1) the weakness of system and culture
of organization; (2) stakeholders resistances. Meanwhile, in the micro level, two
intervening factors were found: the weakness of local human resources; (2)
personal interest. This study, therefore, arrives at a conclusion that
implementation process of Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 is not
implemented optimally, based on the many intervening factors which cannot be
dealt with by The Region Government of Karawang.;The Industry development in Karawang, which is initially expected to
absorb many local workers, in fact indirectly influences the losing of the job
opportunity and the high rate of the local unemployment. This unemployment
case forces the attempt to design the employment policy,Pasal 25 Perda
Karawang No. 1/2011 about Formation of the Local Workers, which tend to
sustain the local employment. This policy aims to be an affirmative action to insist
the distributed job opportunity for the local unemployment which is exclusive in
the industry field.
However, the Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 has not implemented
optimally yet, since there are still various conflict of interests among the actors
affected by this implementationpolicy. Having some differences from some other
various studies discussing the policy implementation which tend to observe the
procedural and administrative aspects in a certain level, this study seek to
elaborate the sociological factors, particularly social relations among the actors
having the different interests, as a support or hindrance of the implementation of
the employmentpolicy in multilevel: micro, medium, and macro.
Due to such considerations, the analysis of this study is divided into three
matters: (1) the process of policy implementation; (2) the sustainingfactors of the
policy implementation in the levels of macro, medium, and micro; and (3) the
intervening factors of the policy implementation in the levels of macro, medium,
and micro. This study is, therefore, expected to provide the more comprehensive
investigation toward the implementation of employment policy.
The findings reveal that there are two factors sustaining the
implementation process of Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011: (1) several
aspects in the external situation (macro), for instance the development of
automotive and garment industries; (2) cooperation of stakeholders, such as
Yamaha company and Resident Civil Organization/Organisasi Masyarakat Sipil
(OMS). Meanwhile, in the micro level, the sustaining factors of the
implementation process were not found. However, the two sustaining factors tend
to be conditional that these tend to be difficult to be implemented in other sectors. On the other hand, the intervening factors of the implementation process
are more frequently found in all levels, either in the levels of macro, medium, or
micro. In the macro or structural level, three intervening factors were found: (1)
the lack of clearance in the policy design; (2) the increasing number of the new
job seekers and the lack of work-field; (3) the lack of budgeting. In the medium
level, two intervening factors were found: (1) the weakness of system and culture
of organization; (2) stakeholders resistances. Meanwhile, in the micro level, two
intervening factors were found: the weakness of local human resources; (2)
personal interest. This study, therefore, arrives at a conclusion that
implementation process of Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 is not
implemented optimally, based on the many intervening factors which cannot be
dealt with by The Region Government of Karawang.;The Industry development in Karawang, which is initially expected to
absorb many local workers, in fact indirectly influences the losing of the job
opportunity and the high rate of the local unemployment. This unemployment
case forces the attempt to design the employment policy,Pasal 25 Perda
Karawang No. 1/2011 about Formation of the Local Workers, which tend to
sustain the local employment. This policy aims to be an affirmative action to insist
the distributed job opportunity for the local unemployment which is exclusive in
the industry field.
However, the Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 has not implemented
optimally yet, since there are still various conflict of interests among the actors
affected by this implementationpolicy. Having some differences from some other
various studies discussing the policy implementation which tend to observe the
procedural and administrative aspects in a certain level, this study seek to
elaborate the sociological factors, particularly social relations among the actors
having the different interests, as a support or hindrance of the implementation of
the employmentpolicy in multilevel: micro, medium, and macro.
Due to such considerations, the analysis of this study is divided into three
matters: (1) the process of policy implementation; (2) the sustainingfactors of the
policy implementation in the levels of macro, medium, and micro; and (3) the
intervening factors of the policy implementation in the levels of macro, medium,
and micro. This study is, therefore, expected to provide the more comprehensive
investigation toward the implementation of employment policy.
The findings reveal that there are two factors sustaining the
implementation process of Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011: (1) several
aspects in the external situation (macro), for instance the development of
automotive and garment industries; (2) cooperation of stakeholders, such as
Yamaha company and Resident Civil Organization/Organisasi Masyarakat Sipil
(OMS). Meanwhile, in the micro level, the sustaining factors of the
implementation process were not found. However, the two sustaining factors tend
to be conditional that these tend to be difficult to be implemented in other sectors. On the other hand, the intervening factors of the implementation process
are more frequently found in all levels, either in the levels of macro, medium, or
micro. In the macro or structural level, three intervening factors were found: (1)
the lack of clearance in the policy design; (2) the increasing number of the new
job seekers and the lack of work-field; (3) the lack of budgeting. In the medium
level, two intervening factors were found: (1) the weakness of system and culture
of organization; (2) stakeholders resistances. Meanwhile, in the micro level, two
intervening factors were found: the weakness of local human resources; (2)
personal interest. This study, therefore, arrives at a conclusion that
implementation process of Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 is not
implemented optimally, based on the many intervening factors which cannot be
dealt with by The Region Government of Karawang., The Industry development in Karawang, which is initially expected to
absorb many local workers, in fact indirectly influences the losing of the job
opportunity and the high rate of the local unemployment. This unemployment
case forces the attempt to design the employment policy,Pasal 25 Perda
Karawang No. 1/2011 about Formation of the Local Workers, which tend to
sustain the local employment. This policy aims to be an affirmative action to insist
the distributed job opportunity for the local unemployment which is exclusive in
the industry field.
However, the Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 has not implemented
optimally yet, since there are still various conflict of interests among the actors
affected by this implementationpolicy. Having some differences from some other
various studies discussing the policy implementation which tend to observe the
procedural and administrative aspects in a certain level, this study seek to
elaborate the sociological factors, particularly social relations among the actors
having the different interests, as a support or hindrance of the implementation of
the employmentpolicy in multilevel: micro, medium, and macro.
Due to such considerations, the analysis of this study is divided into three
matters: (1) the process of policy implementation; (2) the sustainingfactors of the
policy implementation in the levels of macro, medium, and micro; and (3) the
intervening factors of the policy implementation in the levels of macro, medium,
and micro. This study is, therefore, expected to provide the more comprehensive
investigation toward the implementation of employment policy.
The findings reveal that there are two factors sustaining the
implementation process of Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011: (1) several
aspects in the external situation (macro), for instance the development of
automotive and garment industries; (2) cooperation of stakeholders, such as
Yamaha company and Resident Civil Organization/Organisasi Masyarakat Sipil
(OMS). Meanwhile, in the micro level, the sustaining factors of the
implementation process were not found. However, the two sustaining factors tend
to be conditional that these tend to be difficult to be implemented in other sectors. On the other hand, the intervening factors of the implementation process
are more frequently found in all levels, either in the levels of macro, medium, or
micro. In the macro or structural level, three intervening factors were found: (1)
the lack of clearance in the policy design; (2) the increasing number of the new
job seekers and the lack of work-field; (3) the lack of budgeting. In the medium
level, two intervening factors were found: (1) the weakness of system and culture
of organization; (2) stakeholders resistances. Meanwhile, in the micro level, two
intervening factors were found: the weakness of local human resources; (2)
personal interest. This study, therefore, arrives at a conclusion that
implementation process of Pasal 25 Perda Karawang No. 1/2011 is not
implemented optimally, based on the many intervening factors which cannot be
dealt with by The Region Government of Karawang.]"
