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"One of the last Prussian reforms during the Napoleonic Era was the constitution of local autonomy for the cities. Proof of its lasting importance is that it was the cities that carried out the deficit-based employment policies of the early 1930s also had to carry the burden of a democratic reconstitution of Germany in the postwar period. After the crushing defeat at Napoleon?s hands, likewise the reconstitution of Prussia fell to the cities. Today, the same constellation of problems can be found on different stages. Europe, as it is growing together, faces a democracy deficit which ultimately will have to be addressed by the cities. The countries in transition and undergoing transformation likewise will have to find arenas for democratic decision making, which likely will be at the municipal level. Finally, the United States of America also faces a quagmire at the federal level which ultimately will have to be resolved at the state or local level."

"The adoption of Law Number 22 Year 1999 led to the expansion of regional governments? autonomy,applying autonomy in the broadest sense of the word, by focusing merely on ?decentralization?,while disregarding the principle of de-concentration. Governmental affairs submitted based ondecentralization refer to authority by attribution, whereas de-concentration refers to authority bydelegation. Prior to the reform era, the management of mining was based on Law Number 11 Year1967, whereby the basis of management authority was the classification of excavated materialsnamely category a, category b, and category c. Subsequently, with the implementation of thereform era, Law Number 11 Year 1967 was negated by the adoption of Government RegulationNumber 75 Year 2001, granting mining management authority to the Minister, Governor, Regentor Mayor concerned in accordance with their authority respectively. As a result of the above, theconcept as provided for in Law Number 11 Year 1967 became inapplicable. This continued to be thecase up to the adoption of Law Number 4 Year 2009 concerning Mineral and Coal Mining, which inprinciple adopts the concept which has been adjusted to the concept of granting autonomy to theregional government as set forth in Law Number 22 Year 1999.Berlakukannya Undang-undang Nomor 22 Tahun 1999, membawa dampak pembesaran otonomipemerintah daerah, terutama pada Kabupaten dan Kota, dengan diterapkannya otonomi seluasluasnya,dimana asas yang diterapkan hanya ?desentralisasi? semata, tanpa penerapan asasdekonsentrasi. Urusan pemerintahan yang diserahkan berdasarkan desentralisasi merujukpada kewenangan atribusian, sedangkan dekonsentrasi merujuk pada kewenangan delegasian.Sebelum era reformasi pengelolaan pertambangan didasarkan pada Undang-undang Nomor 11Tahun 1967, dimana kewenangan pengelolaan didasarkan pada penggolongan bahan galiangolongana, golongan b, dan golongan c. Kemudian setelah berlangsungnya era reformasi, UndangundangNomor 11 Tahun 1967 ternegasikan dengan dibentuknya Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor75 Tahun 2001, yang memberikan kewenangan pengelolaan pertambangan kepada Menteri,Gubernur, Bupati atau Walikota sesuai kewenangan masing-masing. Dengan demikian konsepsebagaimana diatur Undang-undang Nomor 11 Tahun 1967 menjadi tidak dapat diterapkan. Halini berlangsung sampai terbitnya Undang-undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 tentang PertambanganMineral dan Batubara, yang pada dasarnya menganut konsep yang disesuaikan dengan konseppemberian otonomi kepada pemerintah daerah sebagaimana diatur Undang-undang Nomor 22Tahun 1999."