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"The history of partition in the twentieth century is one steeped in controversy and violence. Literature, Partition and the Nation State offers an extended study of the social and cultural legacies of state division in Ireland and Palestine, two regions where the trauma of partition continues to shape political events to this day. Focusing on the period since the 1960s, when the original partition settlements in each region were challenged by Irish and Palestinian nationalists, Joe Cleary's book contains individual chapters on nationalism and self-determination; on the construction of national literatures in the wake of state division; and on influential Irish, Israeli and Palestinian writers, film-makers and public intellectuals. Cleary's book is a radical and enthralling intervention into contemporary scholarship from a range of disciplines on nations and nationalism. It will be of interest to scholars in Cultural and Post-Colonial Studies, Nations and Nationalism, Irish Literature, Middle East Studies and Modern History"

"The history of partition in the twentieth century is one steeped in controversy and violence. Literature, Partition and the Nation State offers an extended study of the social and cultural legacies of state division in Ireland and Palestine, two regions where the trauma of partition continues to shape political events to this day. Focusing on the period since the 1960s, when the original partition settlements in each region were challenged by Irish and Palestinian nationalists, Joe Cleary's book contains individual chapters on nationalism and self-determination; on the construction of national literatures in the wake of state division; and on influential Irish, Israeli and Palestinian writers, film-makers and public intellectuals. Cleary's book is a radical and enthralling intervention into contemporary scholarship from a range of disciplines on nations and nationalism. It will be of interest to scholars in Cultural and Post-Colonial Studies, Nations and Nationalism, Irish Literature, Middle East Studies and Modern History."

"Konflik antara umat manusia bisa terjadi karena masalah dan ideologi apa saja, seperti, kepentingan ekonomi, perebutan batas wilayah, faktor etnis, bahkan perebutan wanita atau harta. Bahkan, banyak konflik yang melibatkan faktor agama dan umat beragama, tidaklah murni menunjukkan semata-mata faktor perbedaan konsepsi agama itu sendiri sebagai penyebab konflik. Konflik antara Palestina dan Israel yang terjadi hingga saat ini berpangkal dari dicetuskannya Gerakan Zionisme International oleh seorang tokoh Bangsa Yahudi bernama Theodor Herzl pada tahun 1894. Gerakan politik dengan berlandaskan scmangat keagamaan ini bertujuan untuk kembali mempersatukan bangsa Yahudi yang hidup berpencar dalam diaspora ke dalam suatu tanah air nasional di Palestina, namun hal tersebut berdampak pada munculnya konflik antara bangsa Yahudi dengan bangsa Palestina yang sebelumnya telah menempati tanah tersebut. Tidak hanya sampai di situ, efek yang muncul juga terasa hingga ke negara-negara lain khususnya negara yang mayoritas penduduknya beragama Islam. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang mengedepankan perspektif emik, serta melalui wawancara mendalam, dan penggunaan data-data sekunder berupa artikel, biografi, dan pernyataan-pernyataan informan di media massa, penelitian ini membahas tentang Sikap Opinion Leader Cendekiawan Kristen dan Islam terhadap konflik Israel-Palestina dan pemikiran mereka berkaitan dengan 'konflik tersebut. Cendekiawan tersebut ialah pertama, Abdurrahman Wahid, kedua, Hidayat Nur Wahid, opinion leader ketiga, Andreas Anangguru Yewangoe, keempat, adalah Benny Susetyo. Umumnya, responden memandang bahwa persoalan konflik Israel-Palestina bukanlah persoalan agama semata, melainkan konflik politik, meskipun di daiamnya terdapat nuansa keagamaan. Pada responden dari kalangan cendekiawan Islam, meskipun sedikit terlihat sentirnen keagamaannya, namun mereka tetap melihat bahwa konflik tersebut merupakan konflik "universal yang memiliki dimensi kemanusiaan yang juga bersifat "universal". Responden dari kalangan cendekiawan Kristen simpatik terhadap perjuangan bangsa Palestina, semata-mata bukan karena faktor agamanya, melainkan faktor kemanusiaannya yang lebih menonjol. Dalam pandangan mereka bangsa Palestina di situ jelas menjadi objek tertindas.

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Conflict among humans can caused by ideology differences or anything, such as, economic needs, ethnical factors territorial factors, even women or treasure. Therefore, many conflicts involve religion factor, but it is not fair enough to show to point out only the differences in the religion conceptual itself as the reason of the conflict. Conflicts between Palestine and Israel that happened until this day was caused by the declaration of International Zionism movement by a Jewish figure named Theodore Herzl in the year of 1894. The politic movement that based on the religious spirit is aiming to re-unite the Jewish Nations that lived separately in Diaspora into a nation in Palestine, even tough it has an impact on the conflict that rise between Jewish with Palestinian and has settled that ground before. Not only till there, the effect that shown up also felt to other countries especially in the nation that have Moslem majority as the citizen. With using qualitative approach that put forward epic perspective, this research discussed about the Christians and Moslem intellectual opinion Leader attitude in the Israel-Palestine conflict and their background opinion, which related to the conflict. Those intellectual are Abdurrahman Wahid then Hidayat Nur Wahid, and from the Christians Andreas Anangguru Yewangoe and Benny Susetyo. Commonly, the respondents point of view obviously visible that the conflict between Israel and Palestine is not a matter of religion, the respondents point of view focus on that the Israel and Palestine conflict is a political conflict, even if the religion sentimental often attached on the respondents point of view, especially among the Moslem. But even thought, because the conflict is an "universal" conflict and have an humanity dimension so that the reason why the Christian side got sympathy to the effort of the Palestinian, not because the religion factor, but the humanity factor that must be supported, the respondents obviously viewed that Palestine is becoming the object of harassment and etc."

"Konflik yang terjadi antara Israel dan Palestina merupakan bagian dari sejarah yang dimiliki Timur Tengah. Di antara konflik-konflik yang terjadi, konflik Israel-Palestina merupakan konflik terlama dan belum sepenuhnya terselesaikan, Terobosan sangat signifikan yang dilakukan Israel dan PLO dalam konteks proses perdamaian di Timur Tengah ketika mereka mengadakan Kesepakatan Oslo I (13 September 1993) dan Kesepakatan Oslo II (28 September 1995). Namun, proses perundingan itu tidak berjalan mulus seperti yang diharapkan, baik dalam proses awal perjanjian maupun sampai pada tahap implementasi hasil kesepakatan.Melihat fakta ini, PLO di bawah kepemimpinan Yasser Arafat bersama pejabat-pejabat senior PLO berupaya melakukan proses diplomasi dengan pihak Isarel, yang akhirnya menghasilkan Kesepakatan Oslo I dan II. Peran PLO dalam Kesepakatan tersebut, tidak terlepas dan tujuan PLO yang fungsinya berubah dari pembebasan Palestina menjadi pembangunan sebuah negara yang berdampingan dengan Israel. Alat-alat untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut telah berubah dari perjuangan militer menjadi diplomasi aktif. Berdasarkan uraian tersebut, penulis mengajukan pertanyaan riset yaitu Bagaimana peranan PLO melalui jalur diplomasi aktif dalam Perjanjian Oslo I dan II ?Untuk menjawab pertanyaan riset di atas, penulis menggunakan metodologi penelitian kualitatif yaitu metode studi kasus untuk memaparkan upaya-upaya PLO dalam proses perundingan tersebut serta faktor-faktor dan kendala-kendala yang mempengaruhi jalannya proses perundingan damai di Oslo. Yaitu dengan menganalisa upaya PLO dalam perundingan damai dengan Israel, serta sikap Israel terhadap proses perundingan tersebut. Kemudian proses awal perundingan hingga tercapainya Kesepakatan Oslo I dan II. Pada penyelesaian konflik Israel-Palestina ini, PLO menggunakan instrumen politik luar negeri berupa diplomasi aktif melalui mekanisme negosiasi. Terakhir, penulis menggambarkan peranan PLO sebagai aktor perunding yang terlibat aktif pada Perjanjian Oslo I dan II.Berdasarkan sistematika penulisan yang telah diuraikan secara singkat di atas, maka penulis menyimpulkan bahwa peran PLO dalam perjanjian Oslo I dan II dilandaskan pada tujuan untuk mengakhiri konflik Israel-Palestina melalui meja perundingan serta mendirikan Negara Palestina Merdeka.

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The conflict between Israel and Palestine is part of the history of the Middle East. Among the many conflicts that have occurred in the Middle East, the Israeli-Palestine conflict is the longest conflict, which has not completely been solved. The significant breakthrough in the context of the peace process in the Middle East, however, are made by Israel and PLO in Oslo Agreement I (September 13, 1993) and Oslo Agreement II (September 28, 1995). However, the agreement process did not run smoothly as had been expected, both in the initial process of the agreement and in the stage of its implementation.

From the beginning, PLO under the leadership of Yasser Arafat along with his senior officials had launched diplomatic initiatives with Israel, which led to Oslo Agreement I, and U. The role the PLO played in the Agreement was closely related to the PLO goals whose functions had changed from Palestine liberation to the development of a state in co-existence with Israel. The tools to achieve that goal have been changed from military struggle to active diplomacy. From what has been described above, the writer put forth the research question, i.e. what is the role of PLO through active diplomacy-in Oslo Agreement I and II?

To answer the above research question, the writer has adopted qualitative methodology, i.e. case study method to make clear the efforts of the PLO in the agreement process as well as the factors and constraints which had influences on the peace process in Oslo. This is done by analyzing PLO efforts in the peace process with Israel, the Israeli attitude toward the peace process and then the initial process of the agreement up to the achievement of Oslo Agreement I and IL In the resolution of Israeli-Palestine conflict, the PLO has adopted a foreign policy instrument in the form of active diplomacy through negotiation. In the last part, the writer has described the role of the PLO as an active actor in Oslo Agreement I and II.

Based on the above description, the writer has come to the conclusion that the role of the PLO in Oslo Agreement I and II was based on the goal to end the Israeli- Palestine conflict by means of negotiation and to establish an Independent Palestine State."

"Sejak negara Israel berdiri pada tahun 1948, bangsa Palestina hidup dalam penjajahan dan penindasan. Karena terns mengalami penindasan, maka rakyat Palestina pun bangkit melawan. Mereka kemudian mendirikan organisasi-organisasi perlawanan guna melawan penjajahan yang di lakukan oleh Israel. Perlawanan tersebut pada awalnya dilandasi oleh semangat kebangsaan (Nasionalisme) dan paham-paham seperti sosialis-marxis, yang sekuler. Tahun 1960-an tercatat munculnya organisasi-organisasi seperti Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM) yang di pimpin oleh George Habbash, dan Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) pads tahun 1964 yang dipimpin oleh Ahmad Syuqairi.Dengan meredupnya popularitas PLO sebagai sebuah organisasi terbesar di Palestina, muncullah Hamas sebagai rival utama PLO. Hamas kemudian kian popular di mata rakyat Palestina. Masa depan bangsa Palestina yang tidak menentu, pemerintahan PLO yang korup, membuat rakyat palestina kemudian bersimpati dengan apa yang diperjuangkan oleh Mamas. Maka puncak dari itu semua adalah sebuah hal yang tidak di duga-duga khususnya oleh dunia Internasional,-dimana ketika itu Hamas memenangkan secara mutlak pemilu yang diadakan secara demokratis pads tanggal 25 Januari tahun 2006, dimana llamas mengalahkan Fatah secara telak.Kemenangan Hamas ini kemudian direspon dengan negatif terutama oleh Israel, Amerika Serikat (AS), Inggris dan Uni Eropa (UE). Hal ini disebabkan Hamas selama ini telah di bed citra yang buruk sebagai sebuah organisasi teroris. Ditolakya perjanjian Oslo 1993 (Declaration of Principles) oleh Hamas, dilakukannya berbagai aksi born jihad yang inenewaskan banyak warga Israel oleh Hamas, menyebabkan Israel dengan keras menolak dan menentang kemenangan pemilu llamas walaupun terbukti demokratis. Bagi Israel, Hamas adalah teroris, garis keras, fundamentalis, ekstrim, dan radikal. Karenanya, Hamas hares dihancurkan. Disamping itu Hamas juga mempunyai agenda untuk mernusnahkan Israel. Hamas juga tidak mau mengakui Israel sebagai sebuah negara.Oleh karena pets konflik yang kian merumit, maka pasca kemenangan gerakan Hamas pada pemilu tahun 2006, perdamaian di Palestina menjadi semakin jauh dad harapan. Bukan di sebabkan oleh Mamas yang keras kepala tidak mau berdarnai, tapi karena Israel juga tidak pemah mau berubah. Seandainya PLO yang memenangkan pemilu pada saat itupun perdamaian hakiki belum tentu akan terwujud. Hamas siap berdamai dan meletakkan senjata, asalkan keadilan ditegakkan. Perdamaian yang halaki adalah apabila penyelesaian atas konflik yang berlarut-larut itu dapat diiakukan secara adil dan komprehensif, sehingga dapat di terima oleh semua pihak. Bukan sebalikaya, hanya menguntungkan satu pihak saja.

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Since the state of Israel was created in 1948, the Palestinians have been living under colonization and oppression. This condition makes them rise and fight against the colonizers and oppressors. They, then founded organizations in opposition to the Israel. The opposition was in the beginning based on the spirit of nationalism and other isms like socialism, marxism; the secularism. In 1960s rose the opposing organizations like the Arab Nationalist Movement (ANM) led by George Habbash, and in 1964 the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) led by Ahmad Syuqairi.

By the weakening popularity of the PLO as the biggest organization in the Palestine, rose Hamas as the first competitor against the PLO. Hamas gains more and more popularity from the Palestinians. The uncertainty of the Palestinian future, corruption in the government of PLO, turn the Palestinians to the Hamas. As the result of their support for the Hamas was the unpredictable event when llamas became the absolute winner against al-Fatah in the general election held democratically on January 25, 2006. This Hamas big victory was internationally unpredicted.

The Hamas victory, how ever, was responded negatively mostly by the Israel, the U.S.A., the British, and the United Europe (UE). To them the Hamas is no other than a bad organization; as a terrorist organization. The Hanias's rejection upon the Oslo Agreement 1993 (The Declaration Of Principles), the suicide bombings that killed many Israelis, cause the Israel reject strongly the victory of the llamas in the election, though democratically held. For the Israel, the llamas is terrorist, extreme loyalist, fundamentalist, and radicalist Therefore it must be crushed-up. On the other hand the llamas also has the agenda to terminate the Israel. The Hamas, similary never acknowledge the Israel as a state.

In the post general election 2006 in which the llamas got its absolute victory peace will fall short of expectations due to aggravating conflicts. It is not only because of the stubborn llamas who are not willing to negociate but also the Israel who will never change their position. Even if the PLO had won the general election 2006 the real peace might not be achieved. The Hamas are ready to negociate and to cease fire on condition that justice is in store. The real peace will be achieved if the peace making process is held comprehensively and justily and be agreed by all parties."