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"This research has two main objectives. The first objective is to identify the role of political power in the budgeting process, while the second is to propose a control mechanism to enable a budgeting process to accommodate political power in terms of accountability. Indonesia’s Corruption Eradication Commission reports on the misuse of political power to manipulate budgeting in an organized manner. Execution of the budgeting process that does not follow the prevailing strategic policy constitutes fraud. The functions of budgeting are allocation, distribution, and stabilization. This study analyzes budgeting that intertwines with the wielding of political power. The study employed qualitative research supplemented by a case study to explain why and how such phenomena are occurring. The analysis was conducted using the thematic method by way of open-ended questionnaires to explain the data and information that were accumulated concerning the topic at hand and their relevance. Results show that political power plays both negative and positive roles. The positive aspect of the exercise of political power is that it is used as a public channel between society and the government, while its negative impact is the various risks that it poses, such as political power being used to advance self-interests. Political power does not share the same degree of impartiality as statutory rules. The form of politics can alter a budgeting activity or program. The application of a certain budgeting system is proposed to reduce errors and record activity history. Concerning the evaluation of APBD by the DPRD, APIP must help enforce control by reviewing budget changes against the relevant goals and objectives."

"Peneliti berargumen bahwa dominasi kepemimpinan dinasti politik Nehru-Gandhi telah mempengaruhi proses institusionalisasi Partai Indian National Congress (INC) pada tahun 2004-2014. Lebih lanjut, dalam mengidentifikasi fenomena tersebut, peneliti menggunakan model teori dimensions in party institutionalization milik Randall dan Svåsand dan didukung dengan konsep hereditary succession yang dicetuskan oleh Tullock. Melalui metode kualitatif, peneliti memperoleh beberapa temuan dalam penelitian ini, yaitu pengaruh dominasi dinasti Nehru-Gandhi pada era kepemimpinan Sonia Gandhi terdapat pada dimensi internal dan eksternal partai INC. Pada dimensi internal terdapat pada aspek-aspek berupa pembenahan sistem organisasi INC dan upaya penegakkan infusi nilai dan nilai-nilai kepartaian dalam perumusan kebijakan. Sementara, pada dimensi eksternal pengaruh dominasi dapat terlihat dalam upaya memperluas konsituensi dengan memberikan citra inklusivitas sosial kepada masyarakat India dan mempertahankan otonomi pengambilan keputusan partai dengan menjadikan partai tersebut sebagai partai pemimpin koalisi dari koalisi United Progressive Alliance (UPA) di tengah skandal yang menyebabkan keluarnya beberapa partai anggota koalisi. Suksesi kepemimpinan berdasarkan garis keturunan diidentifikasi dengan pengangkatan Rahul Gandhi sebagai Wakil Presiden INC pada tahun 2013. Atas dasar temuan tersebut, peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa dinasti politik Nehru-Gandhi berhasil dalam mempengaruhi proses institusionalisasi partai INC melalui dimensi internal dan eksternal partai tersebut, serta melaksanakan hereditary succession pada periode kepemimpinan Sonia Gandhi tahun 2004-2014.

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This study argues that the dominance of Nehru-Gandhis political dynasty leadership had influenced the institutionalization of the Indian National Congress (INC) Party in 2004-2014. Furthermore, in identifying the phenomenon, researcher used the Randall and Svåsands dimensions in party institutionalization model theory and supported by the concept of hereditary succession which was initiated by Tullock. Through qualitative method, researcher has found several findings in this study, that influences by the Nehru-Gandhi dynasty in Sonia Gandhis period of leadership were found in the internal and external dimensions of INC as a party. In internal dimensions were found in aspects such as revamping the organizational system of INC and efforts to enforce identity values (ideology) and party values in policy formulation. Meanwhile, on the external dimension the influence of domination was an effort to expand the constituency by giving the party social inclusiveness image to Indian society and maintaining the autonomy of the INC by making it a coalition leader party of the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) amid scandals which led to the resignations of several party members of the coalition. Hereditary succession was identified with the appointment of Rahul Gandhi as INC Vice-President in 2013. On the basis of these findings, the researcher concluded that Nehru-Gandhi political dynasty had succeeded in influencing the institutionalization process of the INC party through the partys internal and external dimensions, also succeded the hereditary succession in the period of Sonia Gandhis leadership in 2004-2014."

"Riset ini membahas mengenai kepentingan politik pemerintah pusat di wilayah otonom. Hong Kong adalah wilayah otonomi khusus Tiongkok yang memiliki hak otonomi eksklusif kecuali pada bidang keamanan nasional dan kebijakan luar negeri. Permasalahan berawal dari Keputusan National Peoples Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) tahun 2014 mengenai pelaksanaan universal suffrage untuk pemilihan Chief Executive Hong Kong Keputusan tersebut dianggap tidak demokratis oleh kelompok pro-demokrasi. Kelompok pro-demokrasi menduga ada intervensi politik Pemerintah Tiongkok yang ingin membatasi perkembangan demokrasi melalui keputusan NPCSC. Permasalahan tersebut menimbulkan pertanyaan bagaimana Pemerintah Tiongkok menggunakan Keputusan NPCSC mengenai Reformasi Pemilihan Umum Hong Kong tahun 2014 sebagai alat dalam membatasi perkembangan Demokrasi di Hong Kong. Untuk menganalisa masalah tersebut, riset ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan studi literatur. Lebih lanjut, permasalahan dalam riset ini dianalisis menggunakan teori Terry M. Moe mengenai rational choice di dalam institusi. Teori ini menjelaskan bagaimana pihak yang berkuasa mempertahankan status quo kekuasaannya. Terdapat dua temuan dari riset ini. Pertama, terdapat hubungan antara Pemerintah Tiongkok dan NPCSC yang keduanya dikontrol oleh Partai Komunis Tiongkok. Kedua, hubungan tersebut mempengaruhi keputusan NPCSC tahun 2014 untuk memberikan syarat-syarat yang sulit dilaksanakan oleh calon Chief Executive untuk maju di pemilihan umum. Syarat-syarat yang ada adalah bentuk electoral authoritarian regime dari Pemerintah Tiongkok yang ingin mempertahankan status quo. Status quo yang berjalan pada tahun 2014 adalah keunggulan kelompok loyalis pro-Beijing di pemerintahan Hong Kong. Konsekuensi dari diloloskannya Keputusan NPCSC tahun 2014 oleh parlemen Hong Kong adalah tetap berjalannya status quo sampai dengan tahun 2047, walaupun dengan adanya universal suffrage. Tahun 2047 adalah batas akhir perjanjian Sino-British Joint Declaration yang menjamin hak otonomi eksklusif Hong Kong.

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This research discusses the central governments interests in autonomous region. Hong Kong is Chinas Special Administrative Region which has its own exclusive autonomy in many aspects of government except in national security and foreign affairs. The problem came from a decision made by National Peoples Congress Standing Committee in 2014 about the implementation of universal suffrage in Hong Kongs Chief Excecutive election. The decision was deemed undemocratic by pro-democracy groups. They assumed that Chinas government was trying to obstruct the growth of democracy in Hong Kong throught NPCSCs decision. This problem raises a question about how the Chinese government used NPCSCs decision about Hong Kongs electional reform 2014 as a tool to limit the development of democracy in Hong Kong. To analyze this problem, this research uses qualitative method with literature studies. Furthermore, the problem in this research is analyzed using Terry M. Moes theory on rational choice in an institution.

This theory explains how the dominant group defends the status quo under its rule. There are two findings in this research. First, there is a relationship between Chinese government and NPCSC in which both of them are controlled by Communist Party of China. Second, the previously mentioned correlation has an impact towards 2014 NPCSC decision in form of requirements which deter Chief Executive candidates to run for the office. Those requirements are form of electoral authoritarian regime from the Chinese government which wants to preserve the status quo. The status quo in 2014 the status quo gave advantages to pro-Beijing loyalists in Hong Kong government. The consequence of the passage of NPCSC decision by Hong Kong parliament in 2014 is the preservation of status quo until 2047, although with the existence of universal sudfrage. 2047 is the deadline of Sino-British Joint Declaration which guarantees autonomous rights of Hong Kong."