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"Penelitian ini membahas tentang perkembangan pola dan gaya kepemimpinan politik di Iran yang cukup fluktuatif dimulai dari pra dan pasca revolusi Iran 1979. Hal itu berkaitan dengan gagasan Imam Khomenei tentang Wilayah Al-Faqih yang menggantikan sistem monarki menjadi teo-demokrasi. Penelitian ini berfokus pada dua variabel penelitian yakni pola kepemimpinan politik dan gaya kepemimpinan politiknya pada pemimpin tertinggi di negara Iran yakni Imam Khomenei dan Sayyid Ali Khamenei. Penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis dan metode pengumpulan data studi pustaka.Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Imam Khomenei dan Ali Khamenei cenderung menggunakan gaya kepemimpinan transformasional diukur dari kriteria kepribadian keterbukaan, kesadaran, ekstraversi dan kesesuaian. Keduanya juga ditopang oleh modal spiritual (Spiritual Capital) yang cukup sehingga mempengaruhi kinerjanya dalam mengarahkan pengikut. Namun, Khomenei memiliki kelebihan pada sifat ekstraversi, keterbukaan dan kesesuaian disebabkan oleh kondisi natural krisis. Meski demikian, mereka juga menerapkan gaya kepemimpinan transaksional dalam situasi tertentu namun dengan intensitas yang rendah.

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This research discussed the development of patterns and styles of political leadership in Iran which are quite fluctuating starting from the pre and post-1979 Iranian revolution. That was related to Imam Khomenei's idea of ​​the Wilayah Al-Faqih which replaced the monarchy system into a theo-democracy. This study focused on two research variables, the pattern of political leadership and the style of political leadership on the highest leaders in Iran, namely Imam Khomenei and Sayyid Ali Khamenei. The research used descriptive analysis method and literature study data collection method.The results of this study indicated that Imam Khomenei and Ali Khamenei tend to use transformational leadership styles measured by the personality criteria of openness, awareness, extraversion and agreebleness. Both are also supported by sufficient spiritual capital (Spiritual Capital), which affects their performance in directing followers. However, Khomenei has the advantage of extraversion, openness and agreebleness due to the natural conditions of the crisis. However, they also applied transactional leadership styles in certain situations but with low intensity."

"Literary approach to the Quran developed by al-Khuli created deep critiques from its opponents, in whose opinion, the usage of literary paradigm to the study of the Qur’an, according to them, implied a consequence of treating the Qur’an as a human text which clearly indicates a strong influence of a liberal mode of thinking that goes out of the line of the Qur’an’s spirit. This article shows a diametric fact compared to that they have claimed. The data proves that linguistic aspects of the Qur’an have succeeded in making an intellectual connection among progressive and liberal scholars in the classical and modern era. This supports the assumption that progressive and liberal thought whose one of its indicators is freedom of thought in accordance to Charles Kurzman term, is “children” of the Islamic civilization. Freedom of thought in the classical Islamic scholarship should be the élan of intellectualism including the field of Quranic studies."

"Marshall's partial equilibrium analysis is conceptually divergent from general eqilibrium theory, as it strictly mimics the way Darwinian evolution works, looking for localized adjustments of evolving systems...."