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"ABSTRACT

The intent of this thesis is to explain "The Changing of the American Capitalism in the New Deal Era 1933-1939". As we know, after the Great Crash of Stock Market in October 1929, there were many changes in all facets of American life. This thesis focuses on the changes in 1930s, which were indicated that the New Deal's policies aimed at restoring the damaged economy but at the same time, introduced some significant modification.

There are two books, which explore key facets of this topic, The Big Change by Frederick Lewis Allen and American and Free Enterprises by Henry C. Dethloff. Allen's book talked about the transformation in America from 1900-1950. He looks at the political, social and economic powers which changed the American standard of living and America's way of thinking. Dethloff's book discusses the evolution of American capitalism, based on a historical economic approach. Dethloff examines capitalism in America from the colonial era up to the present days. Both of these authors accept the idea that there were notable alterations in the American "system" in the 1930s.

The distinction between these books and my thesis reveals the character of the American capitalism by analyzing Roosevelt's New Deal policies as a response to the Great Depression, and by assessing the "system" impacts of those policies. William E. Luchtenburg, in his book Roosevelt and The New Deal, contends that Roosevelt's deed changed American life. This thesis elaborates this theme by assessing the social, political, and economic perspectives on changing American values during this era.

In order to analyze the changing of American capitalism in the New Deal era, this thesis shows the dialogue between the government, the elite and the people. The government and the elite processed the New Deal policies, which, in turn, altered the American capitalism, and the people as the object and the impact of the policies.

Library research has been conducted in order to examine relevant resources for this study. Textbooks, statistical data, especially in economics, politics, social field and monographs on the New Deal have been taken as main guide. The topic is handled through a qualitative approach, based on economical, political, and social perspectives. An economic perspective is used to explore certain New Deal issues and ideas especially policies related to pump priming, budget spending-budget balancing, gold standardization, banking and monetary, production resources and their impacts.

A political perspective is used to assess the government's interference in range of matters. Also the relation among groups, such as the lefts, the conservatives, is examined. It is also important to see how Roosevelt could gain support for his brand of government interference without seeming to destroy capitalism itself.

The social perspective describes the overall social impact of New Deal programs and look at how the New Deal generated support from laborers, farmers, blacks and other disadvantageous groups.

In addition, this thesis discusses the changing of American values in Capitalism term, based on American thought perspectives. These perspectives lead us to look how far the New Deal policies prompted change in American capitalism during this era.

This thesis examines the aims of the first New Deal policies and their impact in American social life. It discusses six kinds of New Deal policy areas, including agriculture, banking and monetary policy, social relief and security, labor relation, unemployment, capital and industrial regulations. The discussion specifies policies and programs, which provides the main characters of the first New Deal policies.

Then it handles the aims of the Second New Deal policies and their impact in American social life. It draws upon the same six major areas of policies and programs and also looks at the differences and the programs. It also looks at the differences and consistencies in the objectives of both sets of New Deal policies."

"In the mid-1970s, a group of politically conservative lawyers formed a network of nonprofit, public-interest law firms and began to challenge liberal government in the courts. These attorneys tried to defend property rights, commercial use of public lands, federalism, and economic freedom by litigating cases in law. Then, during the 1980s, they worked on similar legal and policy issues within the administration of President Ronald Reagan. This book explains why conservatives expended so much political and financial capital battling the regulatory state, especially on questions of environmental protection and preservation. It explains the importance of the American West to the development of modern US conservatism. And it explains how some of the key accomplishments of the civil rights movement were reinterpreted and appropriated by the libertarian right."

"Most Americans believe that the Ohio River was a clearly defined and static demographic and political boundary between freedom and slavery, indeed between North and South, an extension of the Mason-Dixon Line and a border that produced the war. None of this is true, except perhaps the outcome of war. But the centrality of the Civil War and its outcome in the making of these tropes is undeniable. This interpretation leaves no room for the third of the nations major nineteenth-century regions: the West. Ironically, the wars central figure, Abraham Lincoln, was a lifelong resident of this regions middle border-the slave states of Kentucky and Missouri and of the free states of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Kansas-lying astride not one but two fault lines of that war, east and west and north and south. The Rivers Ran Backward contests the assumption that regional identities throughout these states were stable in the era of the civil war. Across the middle border, the war left an indelible imprint on the way in which residents thought of themselves and other Americans, proving as much a shaper as a product of regional identities. The book explains how the Civil War and its aftermath transformed a regional political culture into the cultural politics of region, creating perhaps the wars greatest irony: that the victorious North created a larger, more enduring South than the defeated Confederacy could accomplish for itself, and that former western neighbors created a border between them after the fact."

"Skripsi ini menjelaskan mengenai usaha berbagai pihak diantaranya oleh pihak pemerintah Franklin Delano Roosevelt melalui program New Deal-nya dan oleh pihak serikat pekerja untuk memperbaiki kondisi kaum pekerja yang mengalami penderitaan sebagai akibat dari depresi ekonomi Amerika tahun 1930-an. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan skripsi ini menggunakan metode sejarah. Adapun metode tersebut yaitu, pertama heutistik yang digunakan untuk menelusuri sumber-sumber bacaan baik sumber primer maupun sumber sekunder yang berkaitan dengan perkembangan serikat pekerja dan perekonomian Amerika khususnya pada masa New Deal. Kedua, kritik sumber yang dilakukan untuk membandingkan fakta-fakta yang didapatkan dari sumber bacaan. Ketiga, yaitu interpretasi yang dilakukan untuk dapat memahami mengenai berbagai usaha yang dilakukan berbagai pihak, yaitu pemerintah dan serikat pekerja untuk dapat memperbaiki kondisi pekerja pada masa New Deal. Tahap yang keempat yaitu historiografi yaitu tahap penulisan sejarah. Hasil penulisan menunjukkan bahwa usaha pemerintah Amerika melalui program New Deal terbukti sangat membantu kondisi pekerja di Amerika terutama bagi para pengangguran. Peran serikat pekerja pun juga sangat membantu para pekerja, atas berbagai peraturan yang dikeluarkan pemerintah keberadaan serikat pekerja mendapat pengakuan, dan bersama dengan pemerintah serikat pekerja banyak membantu pekerja yang menerima praktek ketidakadilan oleh pengusaha di perusahaan-perusahaan."