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"[For almost three decades, the European Union (EU) has adopted measures to regulate consumer transactions within the internal market created by the EU Treaties. Existing legislation is largely based on directives harmonizing aspects of national consumer laws. This Brief argues that a more appropriate approach for EU consumer law would be legislation in the form of a regulation which is applicable to cross-border transactions only. The author considers the constitutional constraints of the EU Treaties, before examining the case for a cross-border-only measure. He argues that the cross-border approach is preferable, because it would provide clearer benefits for consumers seeking to buy goods and services across borders, while not upsetting domestic law unnecessarily, in particular in the context of e-commerce, with implications for industry, policymaking, and regional development. The Brief concludes by suggesting that a successful EU measure on cross-border consumer transactions could create a template for global initiatives for transnational consumer law., For almost three decades, the European Union (EU) has adopted measures to regulate consumer transactions within the internal market created by the EU Treaties. Existing legislation is largely based on directives harmonizing aspects of national consumer laws. This Brief argues that a more appropriate approach for EU consumer law would be legislation in the form of a regulation which is applicable to cross-border transactions only. The author considers the constitutional constraints of the EU Treaties, before examining the case for a cross-border-only measure. He argues that the cross-border approach is preferable, because it would provide clearer benefits for consumers seeking to buy goods and services across borders, while not upsetting domestic law unnecessarily, in particular in the context of e-commerce, with implications for industry, policymaking, and regional development. The Brief concludes by suggesting that a successful EU measure on cross-border consumer transactions could create a template for global initiatives for transnational consumer law.]"

"ABSTRACTPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsep GO-FOOD, serta untuk memahami permasalahan-permasalahan hukum yang terjadi dalam transaksi GO-FOOD dan bagaimana hukum memandang permasalahan tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum yang bersifat yuridis normatif dengan data sekunder berupa peraturan perundang-undangan dan buku. Hasil dari penelitian yaitu ditemukannya beberapa permasalahan hukum yang dapat merugikan pengguna jasa GO-FOOD. Sehingga sudah seharusnya pihak PT GOJEK Indonesia dapat membuat regulasi atau kebijakan yang dapat melindungi bagi pengguna jasa (konsumen) GO-FOOD.

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ABSTRACTThis paper discuss about the concept of Go-Food, and how to understand the legal problem of that finance transaction, and hows the Indonesia law regulates it. This legal research uses normative juridical approach with secondary data from regulations and books. The result of this research is  there are some legal problems with GO-FOOD transaction that harming the users of GO-FOOD. So PT GOJEK Indonesia should make regulation / policy to protect the users of GO-FOOD."

"Kemajuan teknologi saat ini mendorong keseluruhan aspek, baik individu maupun organisasi, untuk melakukan transformasi digital. Dimana transaksi digital menjadi salah satu aspek yang dipengaruhi oleh transformasi digital. Dengan mengadopsi teknologi digital, individu maupun organisasi dapat mempercepat, menyederhanakan, dan mengotomatisasi proses transaksi dalam memenuhi kebutuhan. Di samping itu, penggunaan transaksi digital perlu didukung oleh kemampuan literasi digital. Dimana literasi digital mencakup kemampuan dalam mengoperasikan perangkat digital, berkomunikasi, mengumpulkan informasi dan data, dan memahami keamanan dalam penggunakan perangkat digital tersebut. Sehingga penelitian ini dibuat dalam rangka menganalisis asosiasi literasi digital terhadap transaksi digital pada tingkat individu.

Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk meninjau bagaimana hubungan antara pengaruh literasi digital terhadap penggunaan transaksi digital, yang terdiri atas internet mobile banking dan e-wallet pada masyarakat di Indonesia. Penelitian ini mengadopsi sumber data dari World Bank Household Survey tahun 2020 dengan sampel sebanyak 1,142 individu. Dengan menggunakan metode Regresi OLS dan Marginal Effect pada Logistic Regression, penelitian ini menyebutkan bahwa literasi digital memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dan positif terhadap penggunaan internet mobile banking dan e-wallet individu.

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Nowadays, technological advances encourage all aspects, both individuals and organizations, to do digital transformation. Digital transactions are one of the aspects affected by digital transformation. By adopting digital technology, individuals and organizations can accelerate, simplify, and automate transaction processes to meet their needs. In addition, the use of digital transactions needs to be supported by digital literacy capabilities. Digital literacy includes the ability to operate digital devices, communicate, collect information and data, and understand security in using these digital devices. Thus, this research was made in order to analyze the association of digital literacy with digital transactions at the individual level. The purpose of this study is to review the relationship between the influence of digital literacy on the use of digital transactions, which consist of internet mobile banking and e-wallets in Indonesian society. This study adopts data sources from the 2020 World Bank Household Survey with a sample of 1,142 individuals. Using the OLS Regression method and Marginal Effects on Logistic Regression, this study states that digital literacy has a significant and positive relationship to the use of internet mobile banking and individual e-wallets."

"ABSTRAKPernyataan penyangkalan disclaimer dalam website umumnya adalah pemindahan tanggung jawab pemilik/pengelola situs kepada pemakai/pengunjung. Pernyataan penyangkalan disclaimer dalam situs jual beli online belum diatur secara khusus di dalam Peraturan Perundang-undangan di Indonesia, baik di dalam Undang-Undang Perlindungan Konsumen, Undang-Undang Transaksi Eektronik maupun Undang-Undang Perdagangan. Terdapat tiga permasalahan di dalam penelitian ini. Pertama, Bagaimanakah tanggung jawab pelaku usaha dalam transaksi jual beli online terkait dengan pencantuman pernyataan penyangkalan disclaimer? Kedua, Bagaimana kekuatan perlindungan hukum terhadap konsumen dalam transaksi jual beli online secara khusus terkait dengan pencantuman pernyataan penyangkalan disclaimer ? Ketiga, Perlukah sebuah aturan khusus tersendiri yang mengatur transaksi jual beli secara online di Indonesia? Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian socio-legal. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat beberapa karakteristik/bentuk situs jual-beli online di Indonesia, ada yang berbentuk merchant mall seperti: Lazada, marketplace seperti: Tokopedia , atau situs iklan jual beli online seperti: OLX. Perbedaan bentuk/ karakteristik tersebut dapat dijadikan celah hukum oleh pemilik/pengelola situs jual beli online untuk melepaskan tanggung jawab ganti kerugian bilamana terjadi kerugian pada konsumen. Hasil penelitian berikutnya menunjukkan bahwa pernyataan penyangkalan disclaimer merupakan salah satu celah hukum yang dapat digunakan oleh Pemilik/Pengelola situs jual beli online untuk melepaskan tanggung jawab ganti rugi atas kerugian konsumen. Pernyataan penyangkalan disclaimer pada situs Lazada, Tokopedia dan OLX termasuk klausula baku yang dilarang oleh undang-undang karena didalamnya terdapat unsur pengalihan tanggung jawab dari pengelola/pemilik situs. Oleh karena itu, maka disclaimer dinyatakan batal demi hukum, dan pengelola/pemilik situs dalam transaksi jual beli online dapat ikut dimintakan tanggung jawab bilamana terjadi kerugian pada konsumen.

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ABSTRACT A statement of disclaimer in the general website is the transfer of the responsibility of the site owner manager to the user visitor. Disclaimer statements in online buying and selling sites have not been specifically regulated in Indonesian laws and regulations, both in the Consumer Protection Act, the Electronic Transaction Act and the Trade Law. There are three problems in this study. First, what are the responsibilities of business actors in online buying and selling transactions related to the inclusion of a disclaimer statement Second, How is the strength of legal protection for consumers in online buying and selling transactions specifically related to the inclusion of a statement of disclaimer Third, Is there a need for a special rule that regulates online buying and selling transactions in Indonesia In this study, the authors used socio legal research methods. The results showed that there were several characteristics forms of online trading sites in Indonesia, some in the form of merchant malls such as Lazada, marketplaces such as Tokopedia, or online buying and selling advertising sites such as OLX. These differences in forms characteristics can be used as legal loopholes by the owner manager of the online buying and selling site to release compensation liability in the event of loss to the consumer. The results of subsequent studies indicate that a statement of disclaimer is one of the legal loopholes that can be used by the owner manager of an online buying and selling site to release liability for compensation for consumer losses. Disclaimer statements on Lazada, Tokopedia and OLX sites, including standard clauses that are prohibited by law because there are elements of transferring responsibilities from the site manager owner. Therefore, the disclaimer is declared null and void, and the manager owner of the site in an online sale and purchase transaction can be held responsible when there is a loss to the consumer."

"Paylater merupakan layanan pembayaran yang disedikan oleh pelaku usaha jasa keuangan untuk memenuhi keperluan konsumsi konsumen atas barang yang dibelinya dari e-commerce. Layanan Paylater memiliki persyaratan yang lebih mudah ketimbang kartu kredit perbankan. Persyaratan yang mudah berisiko pada kerugian terhadap masyarakat selaku pengguna layanan Paylater, salah satunya berupa pembobolan layanan Paylater. Penanganan kasus pembobolan pada layanan Paylater oleh pelaku usaha jasa keuangan tidak selalu berjalan dengan maksimal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini menganalisis bentuk respon yang seharusnya dilakukan oleh pelaku usaha jasa keuangan terhadap laporan terhadap kasus pembobolan layanan Paylater milik konsumen. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan bentuk penelitian yuridis-normatif dengan didukung oleh data sekunder berupa hasil penelusuran studi kepustakaan atau literatur dan pendekatan metode kualitatif berupa observasi suatu fenomena dengan hasil penelitian yang deskriptif analitis dan preskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini mewajibkan pelaku usaha jasa keuangan mengupayakan dua hak konsumen saat menangani kasus pembobolan yaitu hak atas kenyamanan, keamanan dan keselamatan dalam mengkonsumsi barang dan/atau jasa dan hak konsumen untuk didengar pendapatnya mengenai barang dan/atau jasa yang digunakan. Pelaku usaha jasa keuangan bertanggung jawab untuk mengevaluasi dan memperbaiki kebijakan terkait layanan penanganan pengaduan, serta memperkuat sistem elektronik. Tanggung jawab pelaku usaha jasa keuangan merujuk pada peraturan UU Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen, POJK Nomor 18/ POJK.07/2018 tentang Layanan Pengaduan Konsumen di Sektor Jasa Keuangan, POJK Nomor 35 /POJK.05/2018 tentang Penyelenggaraan Usaha Perusahaan Pembiayaan, dan POJK Nomor 6/POJK.07/2022 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen di Sektor Jasa Keuangan.

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Paylater is a payment service provided by financial service businesses to meet consumers' consumption needs for goods they buy from e-commerce. Paylater services have easier requirements than bank credit cards. Easy requirements risk harm to the community as users of Paylater services, one of which is in the form of Paylater service breaches. The handling of cases of break-ins in Paylater services by financial service businesses does not always run optimally. The aim of this study is to analyze the response that should be made by financial service businesses to reports on consumer Paylater service breaches. This research was carried out using a juridical-normative research form supported by secondary data in the form of results of library research or literature searches and a qualitative method approach in the form of observation of a phenomenon with descriptive analytical and prescriptive research results. The results of this study oblige financial service businesses to seek two consumer rights when handling fraud cases, namely the right to comfort, security, and safety in consuming goods and/or services and the consumer's right to have their opinion heard regarding the goods and/or services used. Financial services businesses are responsible for evaluating and improving policies related to complaint handling services, as well as strengthening electronic systems. The responsibilities of financial service businesses refer to the regulations of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, POJK Number 18/POJK.07/2018 concerning Consumer Complaint Services in the Financial Services Sector, POJK Number 35/POJK.05/2018 concerning Conducting Business of Financing Companies, and POJK Number 6/POJK.07/2022 concerning Consumer Protection in the Financial Services Sector."

"Transaksi tol nirsentuh merupakan sistem transaksi tol baru di Indonesia, tetapi berpotensi problematis bagi konsumen dalam pengimplementasiannya. Konsumen dibebani oleh kewajiban yang belum diimbangi dengan kepastian hukum terkait pemenuhan hak-hak konsumen dan pertanggungjawaban hukum pelaku usaha apabila hak konsumen terlanggar sehingga besar kemungkinan terjadi ketimpangan hierarkis antara konsumen dan pelaku usaha apabila transaksi tol nirsentuh diimplementasikan. Indonesia hingga saat ini belum memiliki peraturan perundang-undangan yang melindungi kepentingan konsumen selaku pengguna jalan tol. Begitu pula dengan Australia yang mengimplementasikan sistem transaksi tol serupa. Berbeda dengan Hungaria, peraturan perundang-undangan mengenai transaksi tol nirsentuh diatur secara khusus. Dengan menggunakan metode yuridis normatif, diteliti aspek hukum pelindungan konsumen dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1999 tentang Perlindungan Konsumen terhadap transaksi tol nirsentuh dengan turut mengacu pada hukum pelindungan konsumen dalam implementasi transaksi tol nirsentuh di Hungaria dan Australia berdasarkan Act CLV of 1997 on Consumer Protection serta Australian Consumer Law. Adapun hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwasanya Indonesia tidak dapat berpedoman kepada Hungaria ataupun Australia dalam implementasi hukum pelindungan konsumen pada transaksi tol nirsentuh karena masih terdapat permasalahan pemenuhan hak-hak konsumen dan tidak jelasnya informasi-informasi yang akan diperoleh konsumen nantinya terkait pelaku usaha yang terlibat dalam penyelenggaraan sistem. Oleh karenanya, penyusunan peraturan perundang-undangan mengenai transaksi tol nirsentuh di Indonesia perlu berprespektif melindungi konsumen dan memberikan kepastian hukum kepadanya. Tanggung jawab para pelaku usaha terkait juga perlu dipertegas kembali agar nantinya konsumen memperoleh informasi yang tepat serta dapat mengetahui hal-hal yang menjadi haknya

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Contactless toll transaction is a new toll transaction system in Indonesia, but potentially problematic for consumers in its implementation. Consumers are burdened by obligations that have not been balanced with legal certainty regarding the fulfillment of consumer rights and the legal liability of business actors if consumers’ rights are violated, so there is a high probability of hierarchical imbalance between consumers and business actors if contactless toll transactions are implemented. Indonesia does not yet have laws and regulations that protect the interests of consumers as toll road users. The same applies to Australia, which implements a similar toll transaction system. Unlike Hungary, legislation on contactless toll transactions is specifically regulated. By using the normative juridical method, the legal aspects of consumer protection in Law Number 8 Year 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, contactless toll transactions are examined by also referring to consumer protection law in the implementation of contactless toll transactions in Hungary and Australia based on Act CLV of 1997 on Consumer Protection and Australian Consumer Law. The results of this study show that Indonesia cannot be guided by Hungary or Australia in the implementation of consumer protection law on contactless toll transactions because there are still problems in fulfilling consumers’ rights and unclear information that will be obtained by consumers later related to business actors involved in the implementation of the system. Therefore, the preparation of laws and regulations regarding contactless toll transactions in Indonesia needs to have the perspective of protecting consumers and providing legal certainty to them. The liabilities of the relevant business actors also need to be reaffirmed so that later consumers can obtain the right information and be able to know their rights as consumers."

"Konsumen yang menggunakan jasa pelaku usaha dalam ranah microtransaction, sudah seharusnya mendapatkan perlindungan atas transaksi barang virtual dalam game online ketika terjadi kecurangan yang dilakukan oleh penjual. Pertumbuhan pemain game online di Indonesia yang cukup pesat, menjadikan semakin maraknya para pemain melakukan transaksi pembelian barang virtual game online (microtransaction) melalui marketplace, salah satunya adalah Itemku. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah agar konsumen dapat mengetaui dan memahami perlindungan konsumen dalam kegiatan microtransaction pada transaksi jual-beli barang virtual dalam game online ketika terjadi kecurangan oleh pihak penjual, serta bentuk pertanggungjawaban yang dapat diupayakan oleh konsumen ketika terjadi sengketa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif. Metode penelitian yuridis normatif sendiri merupakan metode penelitian yang digunakan untuk menarik asas hukum yang ada dengan melakukan tinjauan kepada sistematika hukum dan sejarah hukum hingga akhirnya mampu menjawab permasalahan yang ada. Microtansaction tunduk ke dalam beberapa peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia diantaranya KUHPerdata, UU ITE, PP PMSE dan PP PSTE. Selanjutnya ditemukan bahwa terdapatnya modus penipuan yang dilakukan oleh penjual pada saat terjadinya microtransaction di marketplace Itemku. Hal ini diakibatkan adanya klausula-klausula baku yang berpotensi merugikan hak-hak konsumen sebagaimana diatur dalam UUPK. Oleh karena itu, konsumen memiliki hak untuk menuntut pertanggungjawaban atas tindakan tersebut, baik secara perdata untuk mendapatkan ganti rugi maupun secara pidana yang meliputi hukuman penjara atau pembayaran denda. Konsumen dapat mengajukan gugatan ganti rugi dengan dasar wanprestasi dan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum kepada pihak penjual yang melakukan penipuan dalam microtansaction. Sementara terhadap pihak marketplace, konsumen dapat mengajukan gugatan ganti kerugian dengan dasar penjual telah melakukan Perbuatan Melawan Hukum. Hal ini dikarenakan pihak marketplace telah mencantumkan klausula-klausula yang berpotensi merugikan hak-hak konsumen.

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Consumers who use the services of business actors in the realm of microtransactions should receive protection for virtual goods transactions in online games when fraud is committed by sellers. The growth of online game players in Indonesia is quite rapid, making it increasingly common for players to make purchases of online game virtual goods (microtransactions) through marketplaces, one of which is Itemku. The purpose of this research is for consumers to know and understand consumer protection in microtransaction activities in buying and selling virtual goods in online games when fraud occurs by the seller, as well as forms of accountability that consumers can seek when a dispute occurs. The research method used is normative juridical. The normative juridical research method itself is a research method used to draw on existing legal principles by conducting a review of legal systematics and legal history so that they are finally able to answer existing problems. Microtransactions are subject to several laws and regulations in Indonesia, including the Civil Code, the ITE Law, PP PMSE and PP PSTE. Furthermore, it was found that there was a mode of fraud carried out by the seller when a microtransaction occurred on the Itemku marketplace. This is due to the existence of standard clauses that have the potential to harm consumer rights as stipulated in the UUPK. Therefore, consumers have the right to demand accountability for these actions, both civilly to obtain compensation and criminally which includes imprisonment or payment of fines. Consumers can file a lawsuit for compensation on the basis of default and unlawful acts against sellers who commit fraud in microtransactions. Meanwhile, against the marketplace, consumers can file a lawsuit for compensation on the basis that the seller has committed an unlawful act. This is because the marketplace has included clauses that have the potential to harm consumer rights."

"Adanya transaksi perdagangan melalui sistem elektronik yang memiliki risiko kerugian konsumen, membutuhkan mekanisme pelaporan serta ganti rugi yang efektif serta menjamin pertanggungjawaban marketplace, maupun pedagang (merchant). Melalui ketentuan PP PMSE, disertakan sarana pelaporan kerugian konsumen melalui Kementerian Perdagangan dalam ketentuan Pasal 18 PP ini. Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengidentifikasi alur serta mekanisme pelaporan konsumen atas kerugian yang diderita dalam transaksi di marketplace dan untuk mengidentifikasi bagaimana pertanggungjawaban marketplace juga merchant dalam hal terjadi kerugian konsumen setelah keberlakuan PP PMSE. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif, di mana objek kajian dalam penelitian ini merupakan hukum positif yang berlaku. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam melaksanakan ketentuan Pasal 18 PP PMSE, Kementerian Perdagangan memproses pengaduan yang masuk dari konsumen yang dirugikan dalam transaksi e-commerce dan penyelesaian pengaduan dilakukan dengan cara mempertemukan konsumen dengan pelaku usaha sampai mencapai kesepakatan. Hal ini merupakan kewenangan yang dimilikinya melalui tugas pokok serta fungsi yang tercantum dalam Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor 29 Tahun 2022 tentang Organisasi dan Tata Kerja Kementerian Perdagangan. Selanjutnya, pelaku usaha berkewajiban untuk menyelesaikan pelaporan tersebut agar tidak masuk ke dalam daftar prioritas pengawasan Kementerian Perdagangan. Dalam transaksi di marketplace, tanggung jawab yang dimiliki oleh marketplace adalah untuk menjamin bahwa penyelenggaraan sistem elektronik dalam pelantar yang ia sediakan aman, andal, serta bertanggung jawab dan dapat dipercaya oleh publik. Sedangkan merchant memiliki tanggung jawab untuk memberikan informasi yang benar, jelas, serta jujur kepada konsumen. Konsumen yang mengalami kerugian berhak atas penukaran atau pembatalan pembelian barang dan atau jasa dalam kurun waktu minimal 2 (dua) hari kerja setelah barang sampai di tempat konsumen.

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The existence of trade transactions through electronic systems that have a risk of consumers’ loss, requires an effective reporting and redress mechanism that guarantees the accountability of the marketplace, as well as the merchants using the platform. Pursuant to Article 18 of PP PMSE, consumers may report or file a complaint regarding the losses suffered to the Ministry of Trade in the event of being harmed through e-commerce transactions. This study aims to identify the mechanism of consumer reporting for losses suffered in transactions in the marketplace and to identify how the marketplace and merchants are liable in the event of consumer losses after the PMSE PP comes into effect. The research method used in this thesis is normative legal research, where the object of study in this research is the applicable positive laws. The results of this study indicate that in implementing the provisions of Article 18 PP PMSE, the Ministry of Trade processes incoming complaints from consumers who are disadvantaged in e-commerce transactions and complaint resolution is carried out by bringing consumers together with business actors to reach an agreement. This authority is carried out by the Ministry of Trade through the main tasks and functions listed in the Regulation of the Minister of Trade Number 29 of 2022 concerning the Organization and Work Procedure of the Ministry of Trade. Furthermore, business actors are obligated to complete the report so that they are not included in the priority list of supervision of the Ministry of Trade. In transactions on the marketplace, the responsibility of the marketplace is to ensure that the implementation of the electronic system on the platform it provides is safe, reliable, responsible and can be trusted by the public. Meanwhile, merchants have the responsibility to provide correct, clear, and honest information to consumers. Consumers who suffer losses have the right to exchange or cancel purchases of goods and or services within a minimum period of 2 (two) workdays after the goods are received by the consumers."