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"The eighteenth century marks that transformative era in Sikh history when rebels became rulers. Riding on the wave of a political revolution, peasants and artisans in the Khalsa order refashioned themselves into administrators in the Punjab region. This was no mean feat as it meant displacing first the mighty Mughals and then the Afghans. Based on a wide range of contemporary sources, this volume takes a fresh look at the political processes and the accompanying changes in the religious, social, and cultural life of the Sikhs. The author examines the political resurgence of the Sikhs and their system of government. She takes a closer look at their conception of God and Guru, the emergence of Amritsar as the premier centre of the Sikh world, and the rites, ceremonies, and ethics of the Khalsa. Issues of caste and gender, and Sikh interest in literature, art, and architecture are also explored. A convergence of all these developments led to the crystallization of a distinctive Sikh identity by the end of the century. In a very real sense, the eighteenth century emerges in this book as a bridge between the earlier and later history of the Sikhs."

"Penelitian ini merupakan upaya untuk menemukan pengaruh orientasi keberagamaan, ideologi politik konservatif agama, fundamentalisme agama, dan orientasi dominasi sosial terhadap intoleransi politik. Satu set kuesioner telah dibagikan dan diisi oleh 300 orang partisipan beragama Islam. Rentang umur partisipan adalah antara 15 sampai 65. Temuan dari penelitian lni menunjukkan bahwa ideologi politik konservatif agama memiliki. pengaruh langsung teihadap intoleransi politik. Orientasi keberagamaan ekstrinsik, orientasi keberagamaan intrinsik, dan ideologi politik konservatif agama terbukti memiliki pengamh tidak langsung terhadap lntoleransi politik. Fundamentalisme agama dan orientasi dominasi sosial terbukti sebagai mediator pada pengaruh orientasi keberagamaan ekstrinsik, orientasi keberagamaan intrinsik, dan ideologi politik konservatif agama terhadap intoleransi politik. Fundamentalisme agama terbukti menjadi moderator pengaruh orientasi keberagamaan terhadap intoleransi politik. Sedangkan orientasi dominasi social terbukti merupakan moderator antara pengaruh ideology politik konservatif agama terhadap intoleransi politik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kalau orientasi keberagaman intrinsic terbukti dapat menjadi intoleransi politik jika dimediasikan oleh fundamentalisme agama dan orientasi dominasi social. Saran bagi penelitian selanjutnya adlah mencoba melakukan penelitian pengaruh fundamentlisme agama terhadap intoleransi politik yang dipengaruhi oleh identitas kelompok.

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The study examine the effects of religious orientation, religious conservative politiC3l ideology, religious fundamentalism, and social dominance orientation on political intolerance. A set of questionnaire were administrated to 300 participants with Islamic background aged between 15 to 65 years. This study showed that religious conservative political ideology has direct effect on political intolerance. Religious fundamentalism and social dominance orientation significantly mediated the effects of extrinsic religious orientation, intrinsic religious orientation, and religious conservative political ideology on political intolerance. Religious fundamentalism was proved to moderating the effect of religious orientation on political intolerance. Social dominance orientation had significantly moderated the effect of religious consetvative political ideology on political intolerance. The result showed that intrinsic religious orientation would result on political intolerance if mediated by religious fundamentalism and social dominance orientation. Further research is needed to examine the effect of religious fundamentalism and group identity on political intolerance."