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"Summary "Do States, through their military forces, have legal obligations under human rights treaties towards the local civilian population during UN-mandated peace operations? It is frequently claimed that it is unrealistic to require compliance with human rights treaties in peace operations and this has led to an unwillingness to hold States accountable for human rights violations. In this book, Kjetil Larsen criticises this position by addressing the arguments against the applicability of human rights treaties and demonstrating that compliance with the treaties is unrealistic only if one takes an 'all or nothing' approach to them. He outlines a coherent and more flexible approach which distinguishes clearly between positive and negative obligations and makes treaty compliance more realistic. His proposals for the application of human rights treaties would also strengthen the legal framework for human rights protection in peace operations without posing any unrealistic obligations on the military forces"-- Provided by publisher.Contents Machine generated contents note: 1. Introduction and overview; 2. The emerging relevance of human rights law in UN-mandated peace operations; 3. The other side of the coin: the alleged inappropriateness of applying human rights treaties in UN-mandated peace operations; 4. The argument of non-applicability ratione personae; 5. The argument of non-applicability ratione loci; 6. The applicability of human rights law during armed conflicts; 7. Derogations; 8. Norm conflicts between UN Security Council mandates and human rights treaties; 9. Legal challenges relating to the interrelationship between troop contributing states; 10. Selected issues relating to the application of substantive provisions; 11. Conclusions."

"Do States, through their military forces, have legal obligations under human rights treaties towards the local civilian population during UN-mandated peace operations? It is frequently claimed that it is unrealistic to require compliance with human rights treaties in peace operations and this has led to an unwillingness to hold States accountable for human rights violations. In this book, Kjetil Larsen criticises this position by addressing the arguments against the applicability of human rights treaties and demonstrating that compliance with the treaties is unrealistic only if one takes an 'all or nothing' approach to them. He outlines a coherent and more flexible approach which distinguishes clearly between positive and negative obligations and makes treaty compliance more realistic. His proposals for the application of human rights treaties would also strengthen the legal framework for human rights protection in peace operations without posing any unrealistic obligations on the military forces"-- Provided by publisher"

"Penelitian ini membahas apakah rumusan klausul Most-Favored-Nation (MFN) dalam perjanjian investasi internasional Indonesia (PII) pasca peninjauan ulang dapat mencegah penggunaan klausul tersebut untuk pembebanan kewajiban substantif yang berasal dari third-party treaty. Selain itu, penelitian ini juga membahas faktor-faktor apa saja yang dipertimbangkan oleh majelis arbitrase untuk menerima atau menolak penggunaan klausul MFN dalam basic treaty untuk membebankan kewajiban substantif dari third-party treaty. Menggunakan metode doktrinal dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan kasus, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa rumusan klausul MFN dalam dua dari tiga PII Indonesia pasca peninjauan ulang dapat mencegah pembebanan kewajiban substantif yang berasal dari third-party treaty. Kedua PII tersebut adalah BIT Indonesia – Singapura (2018) dan BIT Indonesia – Uni Emirat Arab (2019). Sementara itu, rumusan klausul MFN dalam Indonesia – Australia CEPA (2019) belum dapat mencegah. Selanjutnya, penelitian ini juga menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat setidaknya tiga faktor yang dipertimbangkan oleh majelis arbitrase untuk membebankan kewajiban substantif dari third-party treaty berdasarkan klausul MFN, yaitu rumusan klausul MFN, prinsip ejusdem generis, dan intent atau niat dari para pihak dalam perjanjian investasi internasional. Berdasarkan kesimpulan tersebut, pemerintah Indonesia sebaiknya lebih konsisten dalam merundingkan PII kedepannya untuk memasukkan larangan pembebanan kewajiban substantif dalam rumusan klausul MFN.

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This research discusses whether the formulation of the Most-Favored-Nation (MFN) clause in Indonesia's post-review international investment agreements (IIA) can prevent the use of such clause for the importation of substantive obligations originating from third-party treaties. In addition, this study also discusses what factors are considered by arbitral tribunals to accept or reject the use of the MFN clause in the basic treaty for the importation of substantive obligations from third-party treaties. Using the doctrinal method as well as the statutory approach and case approach, this research concludes that the formulation of the MFN clauses in two out of three of Indonesia's post-review IIAs can prevent the imporation of substantive obligations derived from third-party treaties. The two IIAs are the Indonesia - Singapore (2018) BIT and the Indonesia - United Arab Emirates BIT (2019). However, the formulation of the MFN clause in one out of the three IIAs analyzed, namely the Indonesia - Australia CEPA (2019), is not able to prevent such practice. Furthermore, this research concludes that there are at least three factors considered by arbitral tribunals to import substantive obligations from third-party treaties through the MFN clause, namely the formulation of the MFN clause itself, the ejusdem generis principle, and the intent of the contracting parties to the IIA. Based on the conclusions, the government of Indonesia should be more consistent when negotiating future IIAs to include the prohibiton of importing substantive obligations from third-party treaties in the MFN clause."

"Notaris adalah pejabat umum yang berwenang untuk membuat akta otentik dan kewenangan lainnya sebagaimana dimaksud dalam undang-undang.Akta notaris adalah akta otentik yang dibuat oleh atau di hadapan notaris menurut benntuk dan tata cara yang ditetapkan dalam undang-undang. Didalam Undangundang notaris baik Undang-undang yang terdahulu maupun Undang-undang yang sekarang ada, tidak diatur secara jelas tentang bagaimana seorang Notaris itu selaku Pejabat Umum mempertanggungjawabkan secara hukum apabila dia melakukan kesalahan dalam membuat akta yang dibuatnya hanya dikatakan bahwa seorang Notaris tidak boleh menolak untuk membuat suatu akta yang dimohon dan seorang Notaris tidak boleh membuat akta yang bertentangan dengan hukum.Sehingga menimbulkan pertanyaan yang menjadi permasalahan yaitu bagaimanakah pelanggaran jabatan notaris terhadap kewajiban kewajibannya didalam membuat akta. Bagaimanakah pertanggung jawaban notaris yang melanggar kewajiban-kewajibannya dalam membuat akta? Penelitian ini menggunakan Metode Pendekatan secara yuridis empiris,Spesifikasi Penelitian yang digunakan bersifat deskriptif analisis dan data yang diolah adalah analitis kualitatif isi sesuai dengan tujuan penelitian yang selanjutnya dikonstruksikan dalam suatu kesimpulan. Adapun pembahasan terhadap permasalahan yaitu : pertanggungjawaban Notaris tidak diatur dengan jelas didalam UU No.30 tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris tetapi pertanggungjawaban terhadap Notaris berdasarkan akta yang dibuatnya, maka dari itu Notaris cenderung melaksanakan tanggung jawab terhadap isi dari akta tersebut untuk melindungi dirinya sendiri agar sesama pihak baik klien/pihak-pihak yang terkait didalam akta maupun Notaris sama-sama mendapatkan kepastian hukum agar tidak mengalami kerugian karena Notaris harus melaksanakan jabatannya berdasarkan Undang-undang sedangkan perlindungan hukum Notaris didalam UU No.30 tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris dilindungi oleh Majelis Pengawas (Daerah, Wilayah, Pusat) yang terdiri dari Akademis, Praktisi, dan Pemerintah. Perlindungan hukum Notaris juga berdasarkan akta yang dibuatnya.

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Notaries are public officials who are authorized to make an authentic deed and other authorities referred to in law.Akta notary is authentic deed made by or before a notary by benntuk and procedures set out in legislation. In both law notary former Act or Act that currently exist are not regulated clearly about how it as a Notary Public officials are legally accountable if he committed a mistake in making the deed he made, saying only that a notary is not may refuse to make a deed that is sought and a notary may not make a deed contrary to law. So that begs the question that became the problem of how violations of the notary office of its obligations in making the deed. How is accountability notary who violates its obligations in making the deed?

Methods This study used legally empirical approach, specification research that is used is descriptive analysis and analytical data are processed in accordance with the qualitative content of the next research goal is constructed in a conclusion. As for the discussion of issues namely: accountability Notaries are not clearly regulated in the Law No.30 year 2004 on the Notary but accountability to the Notary deed is made, therefore Notary tend to carry the responsibility for the contents of the deed was to protect herself to others either party client/related parties in the deed and notary equally get legal certainty in order not to lose because Notary must carry out his position under the Act while legal protection in the Notary Act No.30 of 2004 on Notary Assembly protected by Supervisors (Local, Regional, Center) consisting of academic, practitioner, and the Government. Legal protection is also based on the notary deed he made."

"ABSTRAKAnggaran dasar suatu badan hukum baik yang berbentuk perseroan maupunperseroan terbuka merupakan hal yang fundamental. Tesis ini membahas suatubentuk pengaturan pokok-pokok anggaran dasar yang wajib untuk dimuat dalamanggaran dasar suatu perseroan terbuka. Pembahasan disini terutama mengenai sifatpengaturan dan penerapan sanksi atas pelanggaran kewajiban penyesuaian anggarandasar. Pasar modal memiliki peran penting dalam perekonomian Indonesia, sehinggapelaksaanan ketentuan yang dimuat dalam berbagai peraturan perundang-undanganharus dijalankan secara tepat dan diawasi secara tegas. Beralihnya fungsi Bapepam-Lk kepada OJK seharusnya dapat memberi perubahan yang terintegrasi menuju kearah yang lebih baik, pembahasan dalam tesis ini diharapkan dapat memberikankontribusi terdapat hal tersebut.

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ABSTRACTThe articles of association of a legal entity in the form of either the company or thepublic company is fundamental. This thesis describes a form of regulation of keypoints to the articles of association which shall be published in a publicly held articlesof association of public company. The discussion here is mainly on regulatingattributes and application of sanction for the violations of obligations to adjust thearticles of association. Capital markets have an important role in the Indonesianeconomy, thus imple provisions contained in various legislations must be executedappropriately and monitored strictly. Shift function from Bapepam-LK to the OJKshould be given to the integrated change toward the better, the discussion in thisthesis are expected to contribute to that."