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"This paper introduced a nonlinear finite element model using Msc.MARC to study behavior of concrete columns partially confined with metal sheet strips under uniaxial compression. The concrete and the metal sheet parts were modeled using the linear Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion and the Von-Mises yield criterion, respectively. Behaviors of the interface (bonding) material, both in the normal direction and the parallel direction to the interface, were modeled as a bilinear function based on the cohesive energy and the crack widths. The columns in this study had circular cross sections with the diameter of 15 cm and the height of 75 cm, wrapped around by 5 cm metal sheet strips. The results from 3D finite element modeling were analyzed for internally induced stresses and strains. The predicted column behavior was compatible with observed experimental data. The detailed mechanisms that were difficult to visualize during the laboratory experiments could be obtained from the analysis. It was revealed that the area of confinement and the number of applied metal sheet layers were important factors to the strength increase. The discrete confinement system was shown to be a promising alternative to the one-piece full-wrap system."

"ABSTRAKIndustri manufaktur di Indonesia yang merupakan salah satu penopang perekonomian Indonesia saat ini tengah mengalami penurunan. Salah satu solusi untuk menangani hal tersebut adalah dengan mengendalikan pengeluaran biaya produksi. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan menerapkan Perancangan untuk Manufaktur dan Perakitan DFMA dalam menganalisis rancangan. Selain itu, Indonesia tengah mengembangkan sistem transportasi guna memudahkan akses ke segala tempat, salah satunya dengan menggunakan bus dengan sistem Bus Rapid Transit BRT . Merancang bus dengan rangka sasis monocoque yang bertujuan untuk memperkuat struktur dari bus dapat menjadi topik yang menarik untuk dibahas dalam penelitian terkait hal ini. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan hasil bahwa dari perbandingan perhitungan estimasi biaya terhadap produk komersil maka rancangan model rangka sasis monocoque bus dapat bersaing di pasaran.

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ABSTRACTManufacture industry in Indonesia is one of Indonesian Economic Foundation which is currently not in a good state. One of the solution to solve the problem is by having a cost control in production. This can be achieved through implementing Design for Manufacture and Assembly DFMA in design analysis. Other than that, Indonesia is developing transportation system for easy access, as develping the Bus Rapid Transit BRT . Designing bus in which using a monocoque frame chassis with intention to strengthening the structure is an interesting topic to be discussed and investigated. From this research it can be concluded that by comparing the calculation result with comercial product, monocoque chassis frame model design that designed in this research can compete in market."

"Indonesia memiliki visi untuk menjadi negara maju pada tahun 2045 dimana pembangunan infrastruktur menjadi arahan utama dalam mencapai visi tersebut. Infrastruktur ini memerlukan infrastruktur pendukung seperti hidran, panel listrik, dan lain-lain sesuai dengan regulasi yang berlaku. Perusahaan produk sheet metal merupakan perusahaan padat karya menjadi penyedia penting untuk membuat alat-alat ini. Namun pekerja-pekerja mengalami work related musculoskeletal disorder (WMSD) yang memiliki dampak negatif bagi pekerja dan pada akhirnya berdampak bagi perusahaan. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang workstation untuk menurunkan risiko WMSD pada pekerja-pekerja untuk memperbaiki postur kerjanya. Perancangan ini menggunakan metode human-centered design yang berfokus pada pekerja. Proses ini dimulai dari factory assessment untuk melihat kondisi awal, evaluasi ergonomis dengan basis LBA, OWAS, RULA, posture evaluation index (PEI), dan REBA dan, dilanjutkan dengan mengidentifikasi faktor risiko, membuat design guideline untuk mengurangi tingkat risiko yang ada. Proses ini akan difasilitasi menggunakan digital human modelling untuk mengidentifikasi kondisi awal dan untuk mensimulasikan improvement yang dilakukan. Hasil improvement dari rancangan workstation yang dibuat terbukti dapat menurunkan risiko WMSDs dengan penurunan nlai LBA sebesar 63-79%, OWAS dengan penurunan skor dari 2 ke 3, RULA dari 7 ke 2 dan 3, PEI dari nilai rata-rata lebih dari 2 ke nilai < ~1, dan skor REBA yang menurun ke 2 dan 3.

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Indonesia's vision to become a developed country by 2045 places significant emphasis on infrastructure development as a primary directive. This infrastructure necessitates the deployment of supporting facilities such as hydrants, electrical panels, and others, in compliance with prevailing regulations. Sheet metal manufacturing companies play a crucial role in supplying these products. However, the workers in these companies are susceptible to work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs), which have detrimental effects on their well-being and ultimately impact the overall productivity of the organization. To address this issue, the present study aims to design workstations that mitigate the risk of WMSDs among workers, thereby improving their working postures. Employing a human-centered design methodology, the process commences with a factory assessment to evaluate the initial conditions, followed by ergonomic evaluations based on LBA, OWAS, RULA, PEI, and REBA analysis. Risk factors are identified, and design guidelines are established to reduce the existing risk levels. Digital human modeling is then utilized to identify the initial conditions and simulate the proposed improvements. The results demonstrate that the implemented workstation design improvements effectively reduce the risk of WMSDs. Specifically, the LBA scores decrease by 63-79%, OWAS scores transition from 2 to 3, RULA scores decrease from 7 to 2 and 3, PEI values reduce from an average above 2 to less than ~1, and REBA scores decrease to 2 and 3.

This study highlights the significance of employing a human-centered design approach in addressing work-related musculoskeletal disorders in the sheet metal manufacturing industry."