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"Latar belakang : Skor PELOD-2 digunakan untuk mengetahui prognosis disfungsi organ pada anak sakit kritis. Hasil skor PELOD-2 terkadang tidak berbanding lurus dengan luaran perawatan sehingga tidak selalu dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor luaran pasien yang dirawat di PICU. Tujuan : Mengetahui profil dan luaran pasien sakit kritis yang dirawat di PICU RSCM berdasar skor PELOD-2. Metode : Penelitian retrospektif dengan mengambil data rekam medis pasien rawat di PICU RSCM, periode Januari-Desember 2018 secara total sampling. Penilaian skor PELOD-2 pada 24 jam pertama perawatan, komorbid dan luaran subjek dicatat dalam rekam medis. Hasil : Diperoleh 477 subjek yang memenuhi kriteria. Pasien sakit kritis yang dirawat di PICU RSCM sebagian besar berjenis kelamin laki (56,4%) dan berusia <1 tahun (27,9%), dengan bedah sebagai diagnosis terbanyak (65%). Sebagian besar pasien memiliki penyakit kronik (70,4%). Nilai median skor PELOD-2 2 untuk pasien hidup dan median skor 8 untuk pasien meninggal. Angka mortalitas adalah 10,7%. Sebagian besar subjek memiliki lama rawat <7 hari (75,5%). Subjek dengan lama rawat >14 hari memiliki median skor PELOD-2 tiga kali lipat dari subjek dengan lama rawat <7 hari. Subjek meninggal memiliki median skor PELOD-2 empat kali lipat lebih tinggi dari subjek hidup. Adanya luaran mortalitas dan lama rawat subjek yang tidak sesuai dengan skor PELOD-2 kemungkinan dipengaruhi oleh status nutrisi dan status imun. Titik potong mortalitas skor PELOD-2 pada penelitian ini adalah >5, dan titik potong mortalitas skor PELOD-2 pasien sepsis >7. Simpulan : Skor PELOD-2 dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi prognosis disfungsi organ yang mengancam kehidupan pada anak tanpa imunosupresi, semakin tinggi skor PELOD-2 akan diikuti peningkatan lama rawat dan mortalitas.

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Background: PELOD-2 score is stated can be used to discover prognosis of organ dysfunction in critically ill child. Sometimes PELOD-2 score does not always directly proportional to critically ill child s outcome, therefore sometimes can not be used as outcome and mortality predictor. Objective: To describe critically ill patient s profile and outcome of based on PELOD-2 score. Methods: This descriptive study was retrospective, conducted from January to December 2018 in PICU RSCM by total sampling. Evaluation of PELOD-2 score were performed in the first 24 hours. Subjects comorbid and outcome were stated in medical record. Results: There were 477 subjects that fulfilled the criteria. Most of the subjects were boys (56,4%) and under 1 year of age (27,9%) with surgical were the most common diagnosis (65%). Most of the subject have chronic illness as comorbid (70,4%). Median of PELOD-2 score were 2 for subjects that lived and 8 for subjects that died. Mortality rate is 10,7%. Most of the subjects were stayed in PICU for < 7 days (75,5%). Subjects with length of stay >14 days had median PELOD-2 score 3 times higher than the subjects with length of stay <7 days. Died subjects had median PELOD-2 score 4 times higher than the subjects that lived. The subjects mortality and length of stay that not in accordance with the PELOD-2 score may be influenced by subjects nutritional and immunity status. Mortality cut off point for PELOD-2 score in this study is >5. Mortality cut off point for PELOD-2 for subjects with sepsis is >7 Conclusion: PELOD-2 score is feasible to be used to predict life threatening organ dysfunction in critically ill children without immunosuppression, the higher the PELOD-2 score is equal to higher mortality and longer length of stay."

"Since the very beginning of critical care medicine, much attention has been paid to the risk of bleeding, but only recently the risk of thrombosis has been recognized in critical patients; in fact, current laboratory investigations aimed to monitor blood coagulation are more focused on the assessment of the hemorrhagic than of the thrombotic risk. Since mid-90s, many studies have detected powerful pro-thrombotic actions of endogenous mediators in sepsis and other inflammatory conditions, including trauma and postoperative status. Unfortunately, the related complication are both hard to detect and extremely harmful. The volume provides a full coverage of the hemocoagulative problems in anesthesia and intensive care, taking into consideration the physiology and monitoring of hemostasis, its relation with sepsis, and the specific aspects of the various critical conditions, from trauma to burns, to heart and transplant surgery or acute renal failure."

"Latar belakang. Delirium adalah komplikasi neuropsikiatri yang serius dan kerap terjadi pada pasien anak sakit kritis yang dirawat di unit rawat intensif anak (URIA). Diagnosis delirium sulit ditegakkan karena manifestasi klinis yang tidak khas. Kurangnya pengetahuan dokter anak mengenai faktor risiko dan diagnosis delirium menyebabkan terjadinya underdiagnosed atau misdiagnosed sehingga pasien tidak mendapat tata laksana yang adekuat. Hal ini menyebabkan morbiditas dan mortalitas pada pasien sehingga penting melakukan penapisan delirium dan identifikasi faktor risiko sehingga dapat dilakukan tindakan pencegahan dan tata laksana yang cepat. Implementasi penapisan dengan menggunakan Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium (CAP-D) dan tata laksana yang adekuat terhadap delirium pada anak sakit kritis termasuk pengaturan dalam pemberian sedasi tertuang dalam pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) liberation bundle. Saat ini data mengenai prevalens dan faktor risiko kejadian delirium pada anak sakit kritis di Indonesia belum ada. Dibutuhkan data tersebut untuk dapat melakukan implementasi PICU Liberation Bundle di Indonesia, terutama Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM).Tujuan. Mengetahui prevalens dan faktor risiko delirium pada anak sakit kritis.Metode. Studi deskriptif observasional menggunakan desain potong lintang yang dilakukan pada 87 pasien anak sakit kritis yang dirawat di URIA Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak (IKA), URIA Instalasi Gawat Darurat (IGD), dan URIA Unit Luka Bakar (ULB), URIA Pelayanan Jantung Terpadu (PJT) RSCM.Hasil. Sebanyak 4 (4,6%) anak sakit kritis memenuhi kriteria delirium berdasarkan DSM IV-TR/ICD-10. Dua subjek mengalami delirium tipe campuran, satu subjek mengalami delirium tipe hipoaktif, dan satu subjek mengalami delirium tipe hiperaktif. Tiga subjek tidak mendapatkan sedasi tetapi salah satu subjek mendapatkan sedasi dengan kombinasi yang banyak, jumlah yang besar, dan waktu yang lama. Dua dari keempat subjek mengalami keterlambatan perkembangan. Satu dari empat subjek dengan delirium yang menggunakan ventilasi mekanik.Kesimpulan. Prevalens delirium pada anak sakit kritis di RSCM adalah 4,6%. Penggunaan midazolam, opioid, dan deksmedetomidin infus kontinu di URIA sebagai faktor risiko delirium pada anak sakit kritis belum memiliki data yang cukup untuk dapat disimpulkan karena data prevalens delirium pada penelitian ini yang rendah meskipun dengan minimal besar sampel telah terpenuhi.

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Background. Delirium is a serious neuropsychiatric complication that occurs frequently in critically ill pediatric patients who admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The diagnosis of delirium is difficult to establish because of the atypical clinical manifestations. The lack of knowledge from pediatricians regarding risk factors and the diagnosis of delirium causes underdiagnosed or misdiagnosed of it so that patients do not receive adequate management. This causes morbidity and mortality in patients making it important to screen delirium and identify supporting factors so the preventive action and fast management can be carried out. Implementation of screening using Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium (CAP-D) and management of delirium in critically ill children, including arrangements for administering sedation, is contained in PICU liberation bundle. Currently there is no data regarding prevalence and risk factors for delirium in critically ill children in Indonesia. This data is needed to be able to implement the PICU Liberation Bundle in Indonesia, especially Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM).

Objectives. Knowing the prevalence and risk factors for delirium in critically ill children.

Methods. Observational descriptive study using a cross-sectional design conducted on 87 critically ill pediatric patients treated at PICU Department of Pediatrics, PICU of Emergency Room, PICU of Burn Unit, and Cardiac Intensive Care Unit RSCM.

Results. A total of 4 (4.6%) critically ill children met the criteria for delirium based on DSM IV-TR/ICD-10. Two subjects had a mixed type of delirium, one subject had a hypoactive type of delirium, and one subject had a hyperactive type of delirium. Three subjects did not get sedation but one subject got sedation with a lot of combinations, large amounts, and long duration. Two of the four subjects experienced developmental delays. One in four subjects with delirium is on mechanical ventilation.

Conclusion. The prevalence of delirium in critically ill children at RSCM is 4.6%. The use of midazolam, opioids, and continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine in PICU as a risk factor for delirium in critically ill children does not yet have sufficient data to be conclusive because the data on the prevalence of delirium in this study was low even though the minimum sample size was met."

"Latar belakang: Penentuan kebutuhan nutrisi secara tepat pada anak sakit kritis perludilakukan untuk menghindari underfeeding dan overfeeding. Rumus estimasi menjadidasar perkiraan kebutuhan energi jika kalorimetri indirek sebagai baku emas tidaktersedia. Akurasi rumus pada studi terdahulu sangat bervariasi dan dipengaruhi olehkarakteristik populasi setempat, sehingga akurasinya perlu diuji pada populasi Indonesia.Tujuan: Mengevaluasi akurasi rumus Schofield WH, Schofield W, dan WHOdibandingkan kalorimetri indirek, serta mengevaluasi dampak penambahan faktor stresterhadap akurasi.Metode: Penelitian deskriptif analitik potong lintang ini mengikutsertakan pasien anakyang menggunakan ventilasi mekanik Mei sampai Juli 2019. Analisis kesesuaiandilakukan dengan membandingkan perhitungan rumus Schofield WH, Schofield W, danWHO, dengan dan tanpa faktor stres terhadap pengukuran kalorimetri indirek.Hasil: Penelitian mengikutsertakan 52 subjek pada hari perawatan 1-5 di PICU denganmedian usia 5 tahun (1 bulan 10 hari hingga 17 tahun 9 bulan). Kebutuhan energi yangdiukur kalorimetri indirek adalah 60,7 ± 23,5 Kkal/kg/hari. Estimasi rumus SchofieldWH, Schofield W, dan WHO lebih rendah dari hasil pengukuran tersebut dengan %biasberturut-turut -13 ± 19, -15 ± 20, dan -16 ± 21. Nilai estimasi dan hasil pengukurankalorimetri indirek berkorelasi kuat (intraclass correlation coefficient r > 0,9) namuninterval kesesuaian (limit of agreement) dari %bias sangat lebar. Hanya 12 (23%) subjekyang memiliki nilai estimasi akurat sesuai dengan kalorimetri indirek. Pada populasipenelitian ini faktor stres meningkatkan akurasi rumus estimasi.Simpulan: Rumus Schofield WH, Schofield W, dan WHO tidak akurat sebagai estimasikebutuhan energi anak sakit kritis. Hasil prediksi rumus tersebut lebih rendah darikebutuhan aktual jika faktor stres tidak digunakan.

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Background: Accurate estimation of energy expenditure in critically ill children isimportant to avoid underfeeding and overfeeding. Prediction formula helps to estimateenergy expenditure when the gold standard indirect calorimetry is not available. Previousstudy on estimation accuracy yielded variable result in different populationcharacteristics, therefore the accuracy of prediction formula in Indonesian populationneeds to be evaluated.Objective: To assess the accuracy of Schofield WH, Schofield W, and WHO formulacompared to indirect calorimetry. To evaluate the impact of additional stress factor on theaccuracy of prediction formula.Methods: This is a descriptive analytic cross-sectional study on mechanically ventilatedcritically ill children held in May-July 2019. We analyze the agreement of measuredenergy expenditure using indirect calorimetry and estimated energy expenditurecalculated by Schofield WH, Schofield W, and WHO formula, with and withoutadditional stress factor.Results: This study included 52 subjects with median age 5 years old (1 month 10 days -17 years 9 months) on day 0-5 after they were admitted to PICU. Mean measuredenergy expenditure was 60,7 ± 23,5 Kcal/kg/day. All estimated energy expenditure bySchofield WH, Schofield W, and WHO were lower than measured energy expenditurewith % bias of -13 ± 19, -15 ± 20, and -16 ± 21, respectively. Estimated and measuredvalue have strong correlation (intraclass correlation coefficient r > 0.9) but the limit ofagreement interval is too wide. Only 12 (23%) subjects have accurate estimation ofenergy expenditure. In this population stress factor improves the accuracy of predictionformulas.Conclusion: Schofield WH, Schofield W, and WHO formula have poor accuracy inestimating energy expenditure in critically ill children. Without additional stress factor,the estimated value were lower than actual/measured energy expenditure"

"Latar Belakang: Penyebab tertinggi kedua kematian di ICU adalah penyakit infeksi, yang ditandai dengan keseimbangan nitrogen negatif. Asupan nutrisi meningkatkan sintesis protein dan meningkatkan keseimbangan nitrogen negatif tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan imbang nitrogen dan perbaikan infeksi pada pasien sakit kritis. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dengan rancangan kohort prospektif. Pengambilan subjek dilaksanakan di ruang ICU, high care unit, dan ruang rawat non sakit kritis di RSCM dan RSUI. Karakteristik subjek penelitian berupa usia, jenis kelamin, status gizi, diagnosis penyakit utama, penyakit komorbid, penggunaan antibiotik, asupan energi dan protein. Analisis beda rerata dilakukan untuk menilai selisih imbang nitrogen dengan perbaikan infeksi pada pasien sakit kritis dengan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil: Sebanyak 42 subjek merupakan pasien dewasa sakit kritis di ICU, sebagian besar adalah laki-laki sebanyak 27 orang (64,3%). Median usia subjek penelitian ini adalah 47 (19-60) tahun dengan berat badan (BB) kurang berjumlah 14 orang (33,3%). Rerata BB dan tinggi badan secara berturut-turut adalah sebesar 57,29±17,73 dan 162,6±7,93. Subjek penelitian terbanyak tidak memiliki komorbid dengan jumlah 20 orang (47,6%). Seluruh subjek penelitian mendapatkan terapi antibiotik 42 orang (100%). Asupan protein awal adalah 0,39 (0,0-1,1) kkal/kgBB dan asupan protein akhir adalah 0,72±0,34 kkal/kgBB. Imbang nitrogen 48 jam pertama di ICU adalah -6,84 (-25,4; 1,6), rerata imbang nitrogen hari ke-7 adalah -5±4,09 dengan selisih imbang nitrogen adalah 2,4 (-11,8; 27,8). Selisih imbang nitrogen pasien yang mengalami perbaikan infeksi adalah 3,97 (-11,8; 14,5) (p <0,05), dengan pasien yang mengalami perbaikan infeksi adalah 30 orang (71,4%). Kesimpulan: Perbaikan imbang nitrogen secara bermakna memperbaiki infeksi pada pasien sakit kritis.

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Background: The second highest cause of death in the ICU is infectious diseases, which are characterized by negative nitrogen balance. Nutrient intake increases protein synthesis and improves the negative nitrogen balance. This study aims to determine the difference between nitrogen balance and improvement of infections in critically ill patients. Method: This research is a study with a prospective cohort design. Subject retrieval was carried out in the ICU and post-ICU wards at RSCM and RSUI. Characteristics of research subjects include age, gender, nutritional status, diagnosis of main disease, comorbid diseases, use of antibiotics, energy and protein intake. Mean difference analysis was carried out to assess the difference between nitrogen balance and improvement in infection in critically ill patients using the Mann-Whitney test. Results: A total of 42 subjects were critically ill adult patients in the ICU, most of them were men, 27 people (64.3%). The median age of the research subjects was 47 (19-60) years with 14 people (33.3%) underweight (BW). The mean weight and height respectively were 57.29 ± 17.73 and 162.6 ± 7.93. Most research subjects did not have comorbidities with 20 people (47.6%). All research subjects received antibiotic therapy, 42 people (100%). Initial protein intake was 0.39 (0.0-1.1) kcal/kgBW and final protein intake was 0.72±0.34 kcal/kgBW. The first 48 hour nitrogen balance in the ICU was -6.84 (-25.4; 1.6), the average nitrogen balance on day 7 was -5 ± 4.09 with the difference in nitrogen balance being 2.4 (-11.8 ; 27.8). The difference in nitrogen balance between patients who experienced improvement in infection was 3.97 (-11.8; 14.5) (p <0.05), with patients experiencing improvement in infection being 30 people (71.4%). Conclusion: Improvement of nitrogen balance significantly improves infections in critically ill patients."

"Latar belakang. Pasien sakit kritis berada dalam kondisi katabolik yang menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan sintesis dan pemecahan protein sehingga dibutuhkan asupan protein yang adekuat untuk mempertahankan massa otot, meningkatkan kadar prealbumin, dan imbang nitrogen. Ophiocephalus striatus (OS) mempunyai potensi sebagai sumber protein karena mengandung asam amino, asam lemak, mineral, dan vitamin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai efek dari pemberian suplementasi ekstrak OS terhadap luas penampang otot rektus femoris, bisep brakii, kadar prealbumin, dan imbang nitrogen pasien sakit kritis dengan ventilator.Metodologi. Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinis dengan desain uji acak terkontrol yang dilakukan terhadap pasien usia 18-65 tahun yang menggunakan ventilator di intensive care unit (ICU) RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo sejak bulan Juli sampai dengan Oktober 2019 ICU. Sebanyak 42 subjek dirandomisasi menjadi dua kelompok. Kelompok ekstrak (n=19) mendapatkan suplementasi ekstrak OS 15 g/hari, yang diberikan sejak hari kedua sampai dengan hari keenam. Kelompok kontrol (n=23) tidak mendapatkan suplementasi tersebut. Pengukuran luas penampang otot, pemeriksaan kadar prealbumin, dan imbang nitrogen dilakukan pada hari pertama dan hari ketujuh.Hasil. Terjadi peningkatan luas penampang otot rektus femoris pada kelompok ekstrak (p=0,038) dan penurunan pada kelompok kontrol (p=0,006) disertai perbedaan bermakna antara dua kelompok (p=0,001). Terjadi peningkatan luas penampang otot bisep brakii pada kelompok ekstrak (p=0,033) dan penurunan pada kelompok kontrol (p=0,001) disertai perbedaan bermakna antara kedua kelompok (p<0,001). Terjadi peningkatan kadar prealbumin pada kelompok ekstrak (p<0,001) maupun kelompok kontrol (p=0,023) disertai perbedaan peningkatan yang bermakna antara kedua kelompok (p<0,001). Terjadi peningkatan kadar imbang nitrogen pada kelompok ekstrak (p<0,001) maupun kelompok kontrol (p=0,001) disertai perbedaan peningkatan yang tidak bermakna antara kedua kelompok (p=0,685).Kesimpulan. Pemberian suplementasi ekstrak Ophiocephalus striatus secara signifikan dapat meningkatkan luas penampang otot rektus femoris, otot bisep brakii, dan kadar prealbumin pada pasien sakit kritis.

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Background. Critically ill patients are in catabolic conditions that have imbalances in protein synthesis and breakdown. Thus, they require adequate protein intake to maintain the muscle mass and to increase the prealbumin levels and nitrogen balance. Ophiocephalus striatus (OS) is a potential source of proteins since it contains high amount of amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins. This study was aimed to measure the effect of OS extract supplementation on cross-sectional area (CSA) of rectus femoris and biceps brachii, prealbumin levels, and nitrogen balance in critically ill patients with ventilator.

Methods. This was a randomized controlled clinical trial study involving patients aged 18-65 years old with ventilator in intensive care unit (ICU) Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital between July until October 2019. In total, 42 subjects were randomized into two groups. Extract group (n=19) recieved 15 g of OS extract supplementation daily, administered from the second day to the sixth day. Control group (n=23) did not receive the extract. Measurement of CSA of rectus femoris and biceps brachii, prealbumin levels, and nitrogen balance were done in the first and the seventh day.

Results. There was an increase of cross sectional area of rectus femoris in extract group (p=0.038) and a decrease in control group (p=0.006) with significant difference between the two groups (p=0.001). There was an increase of cross sectional area of biceps brachii in extract group (p=0.033) and a decrase in control group (p=0.001) with significant difference between the two groups (p<0.001). There was an increase of prealbumin levels in both groups, extract group (p<0.001) and control group (p=0.023), with a significant difference of increase between the two groups (p<0.001). There was an increase of nitrogen balance in both groups, extract group (p<0.001) and control group (p<0.001), with an insignificant difference of increase between the two groups (p<0.685)

Conclusion. Administration of Ophiocephalus striatus extract supplementation can significantly increase the cross-sectional area of rectus femoris and biceps brachii, and the prealbumin levels in critically ill patients."