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"The present book gives an update of the “world of naked gene vaccines”, namely DNA and RNA vaccines. Its content ranges from general mechanisms, inherent immunostimulatory properties and the vast potential to modulate immune responses, to recent successful clinical studies and approved veterinary gene vaccines. Beyond the state-of-the-art of genetic immunization, the reader will be stimulated with a chapter addressing “burning questions”."

"WHO menetapkan Covid-19 sebagai pandemi dengan jutaan orang yang terinfeksi dan ratusan ribu orang meninggal dunia.. Hampir 2 tahun sejak pandemi Covid-19 menyebar di seluruh dunia, namun proses pengembangan vaksin Covid-19 dikembangkan dengan cepat. Dengan adanya kebijakan wajib vaksin di semua negara, masyarakat dunia telah dihadapkan dengan berbagai dilema dalam menerima kebijakan ini dan menimbulkan seruan dalam menolak vaksin Covid 19. Hal ini menimbulkan keraguan di tengah populasi untuk menerima vaksin Covid 19. Timbulnya keraguan pastinya dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor yang berbeda di setiap negaranya. Hal ini membuat penulis ingin mengetahui bagaimana tingkat penerimaan vaksinasi Covid 19 di beberapa negara dunia. Determinan apa saja yang membuat penduduk beberapa negara di dunia menunjukan sikap penolakan terhadap vaksinasi Covid 19. Oleh karena itu, pencarian studi dilakukan pada database online Pubmed, ScienceDirect dan Springerlink dengan kata kunci "Vaccine acceptance" OR ("vaccine hesitancy") AND ("COVID 19" OR "coronavirus disease" OR "SARS-CoV-2"). Dari pencarian tersebut, 24 studi terinklusi dalam penelitian. Determinan yang mempengaruhi penerimaan vaksin Covid-19 di beberapa negara terdiri dari keamanan dan efektivitas vaksin, pendidikan, rekomendasi tenaga kesehatan, pendapatan, penyakit kronis, usia, info vaksin, harga vaksin, riwayat Covid-19, agama, dan pekerjaan. Adanya vaksinasi Covid 19 menjadi harapan untuk memulai kehidupan normal, dengan diketahuinya determinan yang mempengaruhi penerimaan masyarakat dalam menerima vaksin Covid-19, diharapkan dapat dijadikan pertimbangan untuk menjalankan program vaksinasi Covid-19 di masa yang akan datang.

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WHO has designated Covid-19 as a pandemic with millions of people being infected and hundreds of thousands of people dying.. It has been almost 2 years since the Covid-19 pandemic spread across the world, but the process of developing a Covid-19 vaccine is progressing rapidly. With the mandatory vaccine policy in all countries, the world community has been faced with various dilemmas in accepting this policy and has raised calls to reject the Covid 19 vaccine. This raises doubts among the population to receive the Covid 19 vaccine. The emergence of doubts is certainly influenced by several factors that different in each country. This makes the author want to know how the level of acceptance of the Covid 19 vaccination is in several countries in the world. What are the determinants that make the population of several countries in the world show an attitude of rejection towards Covid 19 vaccination. Therefore, a study search was conducted on the online databases of Pubmed, ScienceDirect and Springer Link with the keywords "Vaccine acceptance" OR ("vaccine hesitancy") AND ( "COVID 19" OR "coronavirus disease" OR "SARS-CoV-2"). From these searches, 24 studies were included in the study. The determinants that affect the acceptance of the Covid-19 vaccine in several countries consist of vaccine safety and effectiveness, education, recommendations for health workers, income, chronic diseases, age, vaccine information, vaccine prices, Covid-19 history, religion, and occupation. The existence of the Covid 19 vaccination is a hope to start a normal life, with knowing the determinants that affect public acceptance of receiving the Covid-19 vaccine, it is hoped that this can be taken into consideration for carrying out the Covid-19 vaccination program in the future."

"Perilaku vaksinasi seseorang dapat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, diantaranya dapat berupa faktor psikologis yang beruhubungan dengan sikap dan pandangan seseorang terkait vaksin maupun penyakit yang dicegah oleh vaksin tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif, korelasional yang bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh sikap terhadap vaksin dan persepsi risiko Covid-19 terhadap intensi untuk divaksin. Sebanyak 214 partisipan berusia 18-25 tahun berdomisili di Jabodetabek mengisi kuesioner penelitian. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 18,6% dari varians intensi untuk divaksin dapat dijelaskan oleh sikap terhadap vaksin dan persepsi risiko Covid-19. Sikap terhadap vaksin ditemukan memberikan pengaruh negatif yang signifikan dan persepsi risiko Covid-19 khususnya dimensi perceived likelihood of infection ditemukan memberikan pengaruh positif yang signifikan terhadap intensi untuk mendapatkan vaksin.

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A person's vaccination behavior can be influenced by various factors, including psychological factors related to a person's attitudes and perceptions related to vaccines and the diseases that prevented by the vaccine. This research is a quantitative, correlational study that aims to see the influence of attitudes towards vaccines and perceived risk of Covid-19 on vaccination intention. A total of 214 participants aged 18-25 years domiciled in Jabodetabek filled out the research questionnaire. Results showed that 18.6% of the vaccination intention variance can be explained by attitudes towards vaccines and perceived risk of Covid-19. Attitudes towards vaccines and perceived risk of Covid-19, especially the perceived likelihood of infection dimension, were found to be a significant predctors of vaccination intention."

"Development of novel vaccines gives an overview of the tasks in basic research leading to the final product, the vaccine and its applications, belonging to the most complex biologics in the pharmaceutical field. The current issue focuses on the translational aspect, namely, how research results can be transformed into life-saving medical interventions. "

"Summary:Studies of vaccines derived from carbohydrate antigens have seen great progress. Synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines, including polysaccharides, neoglycoproteins, and neoglycolipids, have been explored or used to prevent and treat bacterial and viral infections, cancer, and other diseases."

"Cepatnya penyebaran Virus Covid-19 menyebabkan Indonesia mengalami Kedaruratan Kesehatan Masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, untuk melindungi masyarakat Indonesia, Pemerintah Indonesia melakukan pengadaan Vaksin Covid-19 dan pelaksanaan Vaksinasi Program. Dalam pendistribusian Vaksin Covid-19, wajib memenuhi standar dan/atau persyaratan: (1) Keamanan (safety); (2) Mutu (quality); dan (3) Khasiat (efficacy)/imunogenisitas. Bentuk penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan tipe deskriptif. Penulis mengkaji norma hukum tertulis, yaitu Pedoman Teknis CDOB sebagaimana yang diatur dalam PerBPOM 6/2020, Perpres 99/2020 beserta perubahannya, dan peraturan pelaksana Perpres 99/2020, yaitu: (1) PerMenkes 10/2021 beserta perubahannya; (2) PerMenkes 16/2021; dan (3) Juknis Vaksinasi Covid-19. Dari norma hukum di atas, Penulis menjelaskan mengenai prosedur pendistribusian Vaksin Covid-19 pada Vaksinasi Program dan menganalisis tanggung jawab Pemerintah Indonesia dalam pendistribusian Vaksin Covid-19 pada Vaksinasi Program mulai dari perencanaan sampai dengan Vaksin Covid-19 tersebut digunakan oleh masyarakat.

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The rapid spread of the Covid-19 Virus has caused Indonesia to experience a Public Health Emergency. Therefore, to protect the Indonesian people, the Indonesian Government has procured a Covid-19 Vaccine and implemented a Vaccination Program. In distributing the Covid-19 Vaccine, it is obligatory to meet the following standards and or requirements: (1) Safety, (2) Quality, and (3) efficacy/immunogenicity. The form of research used in this research is a normative juridical research method with a descriptive type. The author examines written legal norms, namely the Good Distribution Practices Technical Guidelines as regulated in Regulation of the Food and Drugs Supervisory Agency Number 6 of 2020, Regulation of The President Number 99 of 2020 and their amendments, and implementing regulations for Regulation of The President Number 99 of 2020, namely (1) Regulation of The Minister of Health Number 10 of 2021 and its amendments, (2) Regulation of The Minister of Health Number 16 of 2021, and (3) Covid-19 Technical Guidelines. From the legal norms above, the author explains the procedure for distributing the Covid-19 Vaccine in the Vaccination Program and analyzes the responsibility of the Indonesian Government in distributing the Covid-19 Vaccine in the Vaccination Program from planning to the Covid-19 Vaccine used by the community."