Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Extended cox model adalah perluasan dari model cox yaitu dengan melibatkan variabel yang bergantung pada waktu. Model ini digunakan untuk memperbaiki model cox proportional hazard apabila satu atau lebih covariate tidak memenuhi asumsi proportional hazard. Covariate yang tidak memenuhi asumsi proportional hazard dalam extended cox model diinteraksikan dengan fungsi waktu, sehingga diperoleh covariate yang bergantung pada waktu. Sehingga pada model terdapat covariate yang tidak bergantung pada waktu dan covariate yang bergantung pada waktu. Parameter-parameter dari covariate tersebut ditaksir dengan menggunakan metode maksimum partial likelihood. Untuk mengetahui apakah extended cox model adalah model yang sesuai untuk suatu data dalam kasus tertentu, digunakan uji ratio likelihood. Sebagai contoh penerapan digunakan data berupa waktu seorang pasien mengalami infeksi pada ginjal setelah dilakukan transplantasi ginjal, dengan covariate yang diperhatikan yaitu pemasangan catheter pada ginjal pasien. Diperoleh hasil bahwa model yang sesuai untuk data tersebut adalah extended cox model.

---

Extended cox model is an extension of cox model by constructing time-dependent covariates that can be added to the model. This model is used to adjust the cox proportional hazard model if one or more covariates do not satisfy the proportional hazard assumption. Covariates, which do not satisfy the proportional hazard assumption, in extended cox model, are interacted with time function, so that time-dependent variables are obtained. Therefore, the model contains both time-independent and time-dependent covariates. Parameters of these covariates are estimated by maximum partial likelihood method. To find out whether extended cox model is better than cox proportional hazard model, ratio likelihood test is used. As the example, data of the period of time a patient suffering kidney infection after having kidney transplantation, with the concerned covariate is placed catheter in patient?s kidney. The result showed that extended cox model is appropriate for the data."

"This book shows how to compute statistics under such interval and fuzzy uncertainty. The resulting methods are applied to computer science (optimal scheduling of different processors), to information technology (maintaining privacy), to computer engineering (design of computer chips), and to data processing in geosciences, radar imaging, and structural mechanics."

"This contemporary presentation of statistical methods features extensive use of graphical displays for exploring data and for displaying the analysis. The authors demonstrate how to analyze data--showing code, graphics, and accompanying tabular listings--for all the methods they cover. They emphasize how to construct and interpret graphs. They discuss principles of graphical design. They identify situations where visual impressions from graphs may need confirmation from traditional tabular results. All chapters have exercises.The authors provide and discuss R functions for all the new graphical display formats. All graphs and tabular output in the book were constructed using these functions. Complete R scripts for all examples and figures are provided for readers to use as models for their own analyses.This book can serve as a standalone text for statistics majors at the masters level and for other quantitatively oriented disciplines at the doctoral level, and as a reference book for researchers. In-depth discussions of regression analysis, analysis of variance, and design of experiments are followed by introductions to analysis of discrete bivariate data, nonparametrics, logistic regression, and ARIMA time series modeling. The authors illustrate classical concepts and techniques with a variety of case studies using both newer graphical tools and traditional tabular displays."

"This brief provides guidance on how R can be used to facilitate Two-Way ANOVA for data analysis and graphical presentation. Along with instruction on the use of R and R syntax associated with Two-Way ANOVA, this brief will also reinforce the use of descriptive statistics and graphical figures to complement outcomes from parametric Two-Way ANOVA."

"Teori kredibilitas adalah salah satu alat kuantitatif untuk memprediksi besar klaim di masa depan dengan menggabungkan pengalaman klaim di masa lalu dari pemegang polis tertentu dan informasi eksternal yang disebut manual rate, yang diperoleh dari pengalaman sekelompok besar pemegang polis. Salah satu teori kredibilitas yang banyak digunakan adalah teori kredibilitas B¨uhlmann yang mengakomodasi heterogenitas paparan risiko. Heterogenitas risiko ini dibedakan oleh parameter risiko yang unik untuk setiap individu. Namun, teori kredibilitas B¨uhlmann membutuhkan asumsi bahwaparameter risiko independen, yang hampir pasti tidak dapat dipenuhi oleh individu yang tinggal di daerah yang sama. Oleh karena itu, estimator kredibilitas B¨uhlmann dengan parameter risiko yang berkorelasi dibentuk dengan memanfaatkan proyeksi ortogonal pada ruang Hilbert, khususnya pada ruang yang berisi kombinasi linear dari besar klaim masa lalu. Selain itu, dalam tugas akhir ini juga dicari estimasi parameter-parameter yang ada dalam estimator kredibilitas. Selanjutnya, estimator kredibilitas B¨uhlmann standar dan estimator kredibilitas B¨uhlmann yang mengasumsikan parameter risiko yang berkorelasi dibandingkan untuk memprediksi besar klaim di masa depan berdasarkan data darisebuah perusahaan asuransi jiwa. Berdasarkan perbandingan dari nilai root mean square error, estimator kredibilitas B¨uhlmann dengan parameter risiko berkorelasi lebih baik dalam memprediksi jumlah klaim di masa mendatang. Didapat hasil ketika korelasinya meningkat, root mean square error menjadi lebih kecil, menunjukkan bahwa penaksir kredibilitas dengan parameter risiko yang berkorelasi lebih cocok untuk data ini. Selain itu, estimator kredibilitas yang diterapkan ke data yang dipartisi berdasarkan homogenitas besar klaim masa lalu menunjukkan performa yang lebih baik daripada saat diterapkan pada data yang tidak dipartisi.

---

Credibility theory is one of the quantitative tools to predict the amount of future claims by combining the experience of the claims in the past of a particular policyholder and external information which is called manual rate obtained from the experience of a large group

of policyholders. One of the credibility theory that is widely used is B¨uhlmann credibility, which accommodates the heterogeneity of risk exposures, noted by risk parameter which is unique for each individual. However, B¨uhlmann credibility requires an assumption that

the risk parameters are independent, which almost surely cannot be fulfilled by individuals living on the same area. Therefore, the B¨uhlmann credibility estimator with correlated risk parameters is formed by utilizing the orthogonal projection in Hilbert space, that is a space containing linear combinations of the amount of past claims. Also, the parameters included in the model are estimated. In addition, the standard B¨uhlmann credibility

estimator and the B¨uhlmann credibility estimator assuming correlated risk parameters are compared to predict the amount of future claim based on data from a life insurance company. Comparing the root mean square error, the credibility estimator with correlated risk parameters is better in predicting the amount of future claim. Also, as the correlation increases, the root mean square error becomes smaller, indicating that the credibility estimator with the correlated risk parameters is more suitable for this data. Moreover, the credibility estimator applied to the data that is partitioned based on the amount of past

claims shows better performance than when applied to unpartitioned data."