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"An exploration of the interrelated fields of design of experiments and sequential analysis with emphasis on the nature of theoretical statistics and how this relates to the philosophy and practice of statistics."

"Multiple Decision Procedures: Theory and Methodology of Selecting and Ranking Populations provides an encyclopedic coverage of the literature in the area of ranking and selection procedures, summarizing and surveying in a unified manner a majority of more than 600 main references in the bibliography. It also deals with related problems, such as the estimation of unknown ordered parameters. A separate chapter is devoted to information about several tables available in the literature for carrying out various specific procedures. Examples are given in another chapter illustrating applications of these procedures in various practical contexts. Although several books have appeared to date in this area, many of them deal with specific aspects of the field and a limited number of topics. This book contains substantial material not discussed in other books."

"Analisis sekuensial adalah suatu metode statistik yang digunakan untuk melakukan pengujian hipotesis dari parameter populasi. Ukuran sampel yang digunakan dalam analisis sekuensial ini belum dapat ditentukan (not fixed). Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara bertahap. Keputusan tentang parameter populasi didapat setelah diambil satu atau beberapa sampel. Dalam tugas akhir ini akan dipelajari analisis sekuensial dengan menggunakan statistik cukup untuk menguji selisih parameter dari dua populasi. Hipotesis yang akan diuji merupakan hipotesis majemuk. "

"The global approach to nonlinear renewal theory is integrated with the author's own local approach. Both the theory and its applications are placed in perspective by including a discussion of the linear renewal theorem and its applications to the sequential probability ratio test. Applications to repeated significance tests, to tests with power one, and to sequential estimation are also included. The monograph is self- contained for readers with a working knowledge of measure-theoretic probability and intermediate statistical theory."

"This article discusses the development of the online sequential circular extreme learning machine (OS-CELM) and structural tolerance OS-CELM (STOS-CELM). OS-CELM is developed based on the circular extreme learning machine (CELM) to enable sequential learning. It can update a new chunk of data by spending less training time to update the chunk than the batch CELM. STOS-CELM is developed based on an idea similar to that of OS-CELM, but with a Householder block exact inverse QR decomposition (QRD) recursive least squares (QRD-RLS) algorithm to allow sequential learning and mitigate the criticality of deciding the number of hidden nodes. In addition, our experiments have shown that given the same hidden node setting, STOS-CELM can deliver accuracy comparable to a batch CELM approach and also has higher accuracy than the original online sequential extreme learning machine (OS-ELM) and structural tolerance OS-ELM (STOS-ELM) in classification problems, especially those involving high dimension datasets."

"Latar Belakang: Gangguan pada odontogenesis dapat menyebabkan abnormalitas pada gigi seperti malformasi dan deformitas struktur gigi. Oleh karena itu, analisis tahapan odontogenesis secara spesifik perlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui patogenesis dari berbagai kelainan tersebut. Mencit strain C57BL/6 menjadi salah satu alternatif objek penelitian dalam mengamati berbagai kondisi normal maupun patologis pada jaringan gigi karena memiliki berbagai keunggulan, baik dari fisiologi jaringan yang mirip manusia maupun dari segi ekonomi. Namun, penelitian mengenai odontogenesis pada mencit strain C57BL/6 sampai sejauh ini masih sangat terbatas. Tujuan: Menganalisis tahap odontogenesis mencit strain C57BL/6 usia tiga hari postnatal. Metode: Pengamatan perkembangan gigi mencit strain C57BL/6 usia tiga hari dilakukan pada maksila dan mandibula kanan dan kiri melalui pembuatan preparat jaringan dengan potongan longitudinal (sagital) dan koronal (frontal). Pewarnaan jaringan selanjutnya dilakukan dengan menggunakan Hematoksilin & Eosin (H&E) serta dilakukan pengamatan dan analisis preparat dengan mikroskop. Hasil: Pada maksila terlihat benih gigi insisif, molar pertama hingga tahap bell stage akhir, molar kedua, dan molar ketiga. Pada mandibula terlihat benih gigi insisif dan molar pertama hingga tahap bell stage akhir. Kesimpulan: Perkembangan gigi mencit strain C57BL/6 usia tiga hari postnatal dapat terlihat jelas pada potongan longitudinal dan koronal preparat maksila dan mandibula, sehingga mencit C57BL/6 usia tiga hari dapat dijadikan alternatif objek penelitian dalam menganalisis perkembangan struktur jaringan gigi, baik pada kondisi normal maupun patologis

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Background: Odontogenesis is a sequential and intricate process, of which any disruption during odontogenesis potentially results in abnormalities of the teeth such as malformation and deformities in tissue structure. Therefore, a specific analysis of the odontogenesis stages is necessary to determine the pathogenesis of these various disorders. C57BL/6 mice become an alternative object of research in observing normal and pathological conditions in dental tissue because it has many advantages, both from the human-like tissue physiology and the economic point of view. However, research on the odontogenesis of C57BL/6 mice is still limited. Objective: Analyzing the odontogenesis of day three postnatal C57BL/6 mice. Methods:Observation of the teeth development of three-day-old C57BL/6 mice was performed on the right and left maxilla and mandible by histological preparations stained by Hematoxylin & Eosin. Results: The maxillary incisor, the first molar at the late bell stage, the second molar, and the third molar were observed in the maxilla. The first incisor and the first molar were observed at the late bell stage in the mandible. Conclusion: The development of the teeth of day three postnatal C57BL/6 mice can be observed clearly in the longitudinal and coronal sections of the maxillary and mandibular preparations. Hence the three-day-old C57BL/6 mice can be used as an alternative object of research in analyzing the development of dental tissue structure in both physiological and pathological conditions."

"Latar Belakang: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) adalah penyakit yang sedang menjadi pandemi di dunia saat ini. Kasus COVID-19 semakin meningkat di seluruh dunia, hingga September 2022 tercatat kasus COVID-19 telah menyebar ke 233 negara dengan total kasus terkonfirmasi lebih dari 600.000.000 dan kasus kematian lebih dari 6.500.000. Coronavirus disease 2019 dapat berkembang menjadi kondisi yang berat dan kritis. Terapi sel punca mesenkimal (SPM) sedang dikembangkan sebagai tambahan tata laksana COVID-19 berat melalui potensi imunomodulator. Skor sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) adalah sistem penilaian yang dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui derajat keparahan penyakit dan memprediksi mortalitas pasien COVID-19. Sampai saat ini, belum terdapat sistem penilaian yang digunakan sebagai parameter untuk mengetahui efikasi pemberian terapi sel punca mesenkimal tali pusat (SPM-TP). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan skor SOFA pada pasien pneumonia COVID-19 yang mendapatkan terapi SPM-TP dan plasebo di RSUP Persahabatan.Metode: Desain penelitian ini adalah kohort retrospektif menggunakan data rekam medik pasien, dilakukan di RSUP Persahabatan Juli 2021-September 2022, dengan teknik total sampling. Subjek penelitian adalah pasien pneumonia COVID-19 derajat sedang, berat dan kritis yang mendapat terapi SPM-TP atau plasebo di RSUP Persahabatan bulan Juni 2020-Juli 2021 yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian.Hasil: Didapatkan 29 subjek penelitian yang terdiri dari 13 subjek kelompok perlakuan dan 16 subjek kelompok kontrol. Kedua kelompok memiliki karakteristik dasar yang sama. Perbedaan skor SOFA pada kedua kelompok tidak bermakna secara statistik. Namun, terdapat tren penurunan skor SOFA pada kelompok perlakuan. Perbedaan nilai C-reactive protein (CRP), prokalsitonin (Pct) dan rasio neutrofil limfosit (NLR) pada kedua kelompok tidak bermakna secara statistik. Namun, terdapat penurunan ketiga nilai tersebut pada kelompok perlakuan. Perbedaan lama rawat, pemakaian kanula hidung arus tinggi (KHAT) dan ventilasi mekanis pada kedua kelompok tidak bermakna secara statistik. Proporsi mortalitas lebih rendah pada kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol walaupun tidak bermakna secara statistik.Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna skor SOFA, nilai CRP, nilai Pct, nilai NLR, lama perawatan, lama pemakaian KHAT atau ventilasi mekanis serta mortalitas pada kedua kelompok. Tetapi secara keseluruhan kelompok perlakuan mengalami perbaikan klinis dan laboratorium dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol.

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Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease that is currently a pandemic in the world. Coronavirus disease 2019 are increasing worldwide, as of September 2022, COVID-19 cases have spread to 233 countries with a total of more than 600,000,000 confirmed cases and more than 6,500,000 deaths. Coronavirus disease 2019 can develop into a severe and critical condition. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is being developed as an adjunct to the management of severe COVID-19 through its immunomodulatory potential. The sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score is a scoring system that can be used to determine the severity of disease and predict mortality in COVID-19 patients. Until now, there is no scoring system that is used as a parameter to determine the efficacy of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (UC-MSC) therapy. This study aims to determine the difference in SOFA scores in COVID-19 pneumonia patients who received UC-MSC therapy and placebo at Persahabatan Hospital.

Methods: The design of this study was a retrospective cohort using patient medical record data, conducted at Persahabatan Hospital July 2021-September 2022, with a total sampling technique. The subjects were patients with moderate, severe and critical COVID-19 pneumonia who received UC-MSC or placebo therapy at Persahabatan Hospital in June 2020-July 2021 who met the inclusion criteria.

Results: There were 29 subjects consisting of 13 treatment group and 16 control group. Both groups have the same basic characteristics. The difference in SOFA scores in the two groups was not statistically significant. However, there was a downward trend in SOFA scores in the treatment group. The difference in the value of C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (Pct) and neutrophil lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the both group was not statistically significant. However, there was a decrease values ​​in the treatment group. Differences in length of stay, use of high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and mechanical ventilation in the two groups were not statistically significant. The proportion of mortality was lower in the treatment group compared to the control group although not statistically significant.

Conclusion: There were no significant differences in SOFA, CRP, Pct, NLR, length of stay, length of use of HFNC or mechanical ventilation and mortality in the two groups. However, the treatment group experienced clinical and laboratory improvement compared to the control group."