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"A rapid multiresidue method for the determination of 22 organochlorine pesticides and 7 polychlorinated biphenyl compounds as POPs contaminant was described. It involved the application of modified QuEChERS procedure followed by gas chromatography electron capture detector (GC ECD) analysis. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the developed and validated method in fish tissue were 3 g/kg and 10 g/kg, respectively.The following validation parameters were within acceptable range: specificity and selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision (at levels: 10, 15 and 50 g/kg, the recovery test values were between 70 and 120% and HorRat ≤2, except hexachlorobenzene and methoxychlor). The application of the method was verified by analyzing a total of 182 freshwater animal samples produced and collected in Thailand during 2017 2018. Detectable POPs residues were found in 1.6% (3 shrimp samples) of the animal samples. One of the positive samples was contaminated with pp DDE which was DDT metabolite (<10g/kg). Two shrimp samples presented residue of PCB52 congener (<10 and 30 g/kg). No sample had contamination higher than the extraneous maximum residue limit (EMRL) set by Ministry of Public Health of Thailand and Codex. Base on the most risky freshwater animal, primary risk assessment using shrimp daily intake of Thai population data has shown that DDT and PCB compounds contain in shrimp are unlikely to pose any health risk to Thai consumers."

"Pestisida sering digunakan dalam bidang agrikultur untuk mengurangi organisme pengganggu tanaman. Penggunaan pestisida berlebihan dapat menyisakan residu pada tanaman, sehingga jika terakumulasi di dalam tubuh manusia akan menimbulkan penyakit. Salah satu pestisida yang sering digunakan adalah isoprocarb yang termasuk ke dalam pestisida golongan karbamat. Isoprocarb mampu menginhibisi aktivitas enzim acetylcholinesterase (AChE) untuk mengkatalisis substrat acetylthiocholine menjadi tiokolin dan asam asetat. Akibatnya, akan terjadi penumpukan spesi acetylthiocholine dalam tubuh yang dalam jangka panjang dapat menyebabkan kelumpuhan saraf hingga kematian. Pada penelitian ini, telah dikembangkan biosensor elektrokimia menggunakan teknik cyclic voltammetry (CV) dengan sistem EB/K2S2O8/AChE/ATCl pada elektroda screen printed carbon (SPCE) untuk mendeteksi residu pestisida isoprocarb. Spesi Eosin B (EB) dan K2S2O8 digunakan sebagai sebagai senyawa elektroaktif yang dapat menghasilkan puncak reduksi pada voltammogram, sedangkan spesi AChE dan ATCl berperan sebagai senyawa pengenal atau bioreseptor untuk isoprocarb. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat diketahui bahwa penambahan isoprocarb ke dalam sistem menurunkan puncak reduksi EB pada voltammogram. Biosensor yang dikembangkan memiliki nilai LOD sebesar 0,006 ppm, nilai LOQ sebesar 0,121 ppm, serta sensitivitas sebesar 82,3907 mA ppm-1 cm-2. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa biosensor tersebut memiliki potensi yang cukup baik untuk mendeteksi keberadaan pestisida isoprocarb dalam suatu sampel.

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Pesticides are chemical compounds that are often used in agriculture because they can reduce plant pest organisms. However, excessive use of pesticides can leave residues on plants, which can cause disease if accumulated in the human body. One of the pesticides that are harmful to the human body is isoprocarb pesticide, which belongs to the carbamate group of pesticides. Isoprocarb can inhibit the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to catalyze acetylthiocholine into thiocholine and acetic acid. As a result, there will be an accumulation of acetylthiocholine species in the body which in a long term can cause nerve paralysis and even death. In this study, an electrochemical biosensor using cyclic voltammetry (CV) method with EB/K2S2O8/AChE/ATCl system on screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) has been developed to detect isoprocarb pesticide residues. In the proposed system, Eosin B (EB and K2S2O8 species act as electroactive compounds that can produce reduction peaks in the voltammogram, while AChE and ATCl species act as a recognition compounds or bioreceptors for isoprocarb. Based on the result, it can be seen that the addition of isoprocarb to the system will reduce the reduction peak on voltammogram. This biosensor has a LOD value of 0,006 ppm, a LOQ value of 0,121 ppm, and a sensitivity of 82,3907 mA ppm-1 cm-2, which indicates that the biosensor has quite good potential for detecting the isoprocarb residues in a sample."

"Pestisida merupakan bahan beracun yang memiliki potensi menimbulkan dampak negatif terhadap lingkungan dan gangguan kesehatan manusia. Petani di Desa Jonggol merupakan populasi berisiko untuk terpajan pestisida. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui estimasi risiko pajanan pestisida bahan fungisida terhadap kebiasaan mengonsumsi sumber air minum pada petani di wilayah pemukiman pertanian Desa Jonggol pada tahun 2022. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif menggunakan desain studi Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan (ARKL). Data penelitian ini diperoleh dari hasil wawancara menggunakan kuesioner, observasi, dan pengukuran residu pestisida pada sumber air minum di Desa Jonggol. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi maksimal pestisida di sumber air minum adalah 0,0855 mg/l pada titik 1 air sumur di Kampung Kujang (diatas baku mutu) dengan radius 2 m dari pertanian. Titik 2 yaitu Air Sungai Kampung Bengkok & Titik 3 yaitu Air Sumur Kampung Karni dengan radius sekitar 20 m dari lokasi pertanian yakni tidak terdeteksi pestisida. Mayoritas petani mengonsumsi air minum yang berasal dari Air Sumur lokasi pertanian. Perhitungan intake non karsinogenik (realtime) adalah 0,00246 mg/kg/hari, sedangkan untuk perhitungan intake karsinogenik (realtime) adalah 0,001056 mg/kg/hari. Berdasarkan perhitungan karakteristik risiko non karsinogenik adalah 0,246 yakni memiliki nilai RQ ≤ 1 berarti belum menimbulkan risiko efek non karsinogenik. Nilai Excess Cancer Risk yaitu risk probability sehingga dibutuhkan manajemen risiko. Risiko Kesehatan secara non karsinogenik dan karsinogenik didapatkan pada gangguan kesehatan petani yakni rata-rata petani mengalami gangguan kesehatan sekitar 78%, gangguan pernafasan 74,7%, dan gangguan pencernaan 48,4%. Selain penyebab dari kebiasan mengonsumsi sumber air minum yang tercemar di pertanian, terdapat faktor lainnya yakni petani memiliki kebiasaan merokok 72,5%, melakukan aktivitas pembakaran 95,6%, dan tinggal di lokasi pertanian 96,7%, mengonsumsi makanan yang dibakar 78%.Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini petani tetap di Desa Jonggol telah memiliki risiko baik secara realtime maupun lifetime. Perlu dilakukan upaya manajemen risiko untuk melindungi petani agar tidak timbulnya masalah kesehatan.

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Pesticides are toxic materials that have the potential to have a negative impact on the environment and human health problems. Farmers in Jonggol Village are a population at risk of being exposed to pesticides. This research aimed to determine the estimated risk of exposure to pesticides fungicidal substances to the habit of consuming drinking water sources in farmers in the agricultural settlement area of Jonggol Village in 2022. This research was a descriptive study using the design of the Environmental Health Risk Analysis (ARKL) study. The data of this research was obtained from the results of interviews using questionnaires, observations, and measurements of pesticide residues on drinking water sources in Jonggol Village. The results showed that the maximum concentration of pesticides in drinking water sources was 0.0855 mg / l at point 1 of well water in Kampung Kujang (above quality standards) with a radius of 2m from agriculture. Point 2 was Crooked Village River Water & Point 3 is Karni Village Well Water with a radius of about 20 m from the agricultural location, no pesticides were detected. The majority of farmers consumed drinking water derived from Well Water in agricultural locations. The calculation of non-carcinogenic intake (real-time) was 0.00246 mg / kg / day, while for the calculation of carcinogenic intake (real-time) was 0.001056 mg / kg / day. Based on the calculation of the characteristics of non-carcinogenic risk was 0.246, having an RQ value ≤ 1 meant that it had not caused a risk of non-carcinogenic effects. The value of Excess Cancer Risk was risk probability, so risk management was needed. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks were found in farmers' health problems, the average farmer experienced health problems around 78%, respiratory disorders 74.7%, and indigestion 48.4%. In addition to the causes of the habit of consuming polluted drinking water sources in agriculture, there were other factors, farmers had a smoking habit of 72.5%, carried out burning activities 95.6%, and lived in agricultural locations 96.7%, consuming 78% burnt food. The conclusion was that farmers who remained in Jonggol Village already had risks both in real time and lifetime. It was necessary to make risk management efforts to protect farmers from the onset of health problems."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pengeluaran biaya, dengan pendapatan dalam menghasilkan laba usaha melalui penerapan analisis Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) pada PT. ACL. Menurut strukturnya, biaya dapat dibagi menjadi biaya variabel dan biaya tetap, dan struktur biaya tersebut merupakan faktor utama perencanaan laba pada PT. ACL. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan data kualitatif dengan format deskriptif analitis: menjelaskan, menggambarkan dan meringkas berbagai kondisi, situasi yang timbul secara mendalam dari objek penelitian. Berdasarkan penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan CVP pada PT. ACL dapat diketahui produk atau lini produk yang memberikan margin kontribusi yang maksimal, dan penelitian ini dapat pula dijadikan masukan dalam menyusun anggaran perusahaan.

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This research aims to find the relationship between expenses and the profit gained using the Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) analysis on PT ACL. Based on it's structure standings, costs can be divided into 2 types, fixed cost and variable cost. These costs are ACL's primary factor in profit decisional making. This methodology of research uses qualitative data with descriptive analytics: explains, depicts and summarize various conditions under different circumstances that may occur during the research. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the application of CVP on PT ACL will produce the maximum contribution margin on a product, and this research can also be used to compile the budget of the business."

"Pestisida dipercaya dapat menurunkan populasi hama dengan cepat sehingga meluasnya hama dapat dicegah. Residu pestisida menimbulkan efek yang dalam jangka panjang dapat menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan berupa gangguan pada sistem syaraf serta metabolisme enzim. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan kadar residu pestisida yang terdapat dalam buah apel, anggur, pir dan stroberi. Sebuah metode Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) yang cepat dan sensitif, dalam mode ionisasi elektrospray positif, telah dikembangkan untuk penentuan multi-kelas pestisida. Ekstrak diperoleh dengan menggunakan asetonitril dengan teknik preparasi sampel berbasis QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe). Untuk acuan uji digunakan 3 jenis bahan aktif pestisida dari 2 golongan organofosfat dan karbamat.Dari metode validasi yang dilakukan, diperoleh nilai koefisien korelasi, R2 ≥ 0,996 dengan rentang 0-1000 ppb dan 0-1 ppm. Rentang batas deteksi (LOD) dan batas kuantisasi (LOQ) dari ketiga senyawa berkisar dari konsentrasi 0,01 ppm - 0,215 ppm. Persen perolehan kembali berkisar antara 38%-44% dengan standar deviasi relatif <16%. Persen perolehan kembali yang rendah dikarenakan komponen matriks yang terdapat dalam sampel dan juga nilai LOD yang rendah sehingga sensitivitas alat berkurang.Berdasarkan hasil analisis, pestisida dimetoat tidak terdapat dalam sampel buah anggur, stroberi, dan pir yang telah diuji. Sedangkan, residu pestisida karbaril dan klorpirifos ditemukan dalam buah-buahan tersebut dengan intensitas yang sangat rendah sehingga tidak terdeteksi oleh alat karena berada dibawah batas deteksi. Sehingga disimpulkan bahwa buah-buahan tersebut masih aman untuk dikonsumsi karena berada dibawah Batas Maksimum Residu yang ditetapkan oleh Badan Standardisasi Nasional dalam SNI 7313:2008.

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Pesticides are believed to reduce the population of pests quickly so the widespread of pests can be prevented. The effects of pesticide residues in the long term can lead to health problems such as interference with the nervous system and metabolic enzymes. The purpose of this research is to determine the pesticide residues found in apples, grapes, pears and strawberries. Samples taken at random, from traders and supermarkets in the area of Depok. A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, in electrospray ionization positive mode, has been developed for the determination of selected multi-class pesticides. Extracts were obtained using the acetonitrile- based QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe) sample preparation technique. For the reference test used 3 types of active ingredients from two groups of pesticide which is organophosphates and carbamates.

Based on the validation methods, R2 values obtained ≥ 0,996 with a range of 0-1000 ppb and 0-1 ppm. Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantitation (LOQ) of the third compound concentrations ranged from 0,01 ppm - 0,215 ppm. Percent recoveries ranging from 38%-44% with relative standard deviations <16%. Percent recoveries was low due to matrix components present in the sample and a low LOD?s value so that the instrument sensitivity is reduced. Data analysis samples were then interpreted, and the figures obtained were compared with standard Maximum Residue Limit pesticides listed in ISO 7313:2008.

Based on the analysis, pesticide dimethoate was not present in samples of grapes, strawberries, and pears that have been tested. However, karbaril and chlorpyrifos pesticide residues found in these fruits with a very low intensity so that was not detected by the instrument because it is below the limit of detection. Thus concluded that the fruit is still safe to eat because they are under Residue Limit set by Badan Standardisasi Nasional in SNI 7313:2008."