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"Silver Nano Particle (NPP) can be used to detect heavy metals using colorimetry method. In this research, SNP was modified with polivinyl alcohol (PVA) as the stabilizer agent and anion as agregating agent. The biosynthesis of SNP was conducted through reacting AgNO3 1 mM with the water extract of velvet apple (Diospyros discolor Wild.) leaves as reductor agent with the ratio of (10:1). The formation of NPP was confirmed from the result of UV-vis spectroscopy with the absorption of 400-500 nm wavelength maximum (λmax). Based on the result of TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), NPP was spherical shaped with the particle size of <10 nm. While PSA (Particle Size Analyzer) shows that the size of the particle around 4.6-16.8 nm. SNP was then modified with PVA as the ligan with the concentration of 1-5% and 10:1:3 ratio. The PVA 1% modified NPP indicator has a value of zeta potential +90.76 mV and monodysperse (IP = 0,293). It shows that the indicator tends to be stabile. The increase of PVA's concentration also shows the increase of size. The detection of Cu2+ by the indicator can only be conducted in around 1000 ppm. The sensitivity increase of the indicator was conducted with the anion addition with NPP_PVA of 10:2 ratio (v:v). Qualitatively, the anion addition (Cl-) has a big influence to the change of colour and UV-vis spectrum shifting. The maximum wavelength on the detection shifted to the red shifting in around 500 nm. The anion addition based on TEM gave an aggregation effect. This indicator is proven to detect the existence of Cu2+ in 1 ppm.

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Nanopartikel perak (NPP) dapat digunakan untuk mendeteksi logam berat dengan metode kolorimetri. Dalam penelitian ini, nanopartikel perak dimodifikasi dengan polivinil alkohol (PVA) sebagai agen penstabil dan anion sebagai agen pengagregat. Biosintesis nanopartikel perak dilakukan dengan mereaksikan larutan AgNO3 1 mM dengan ektrak air daun bisbul (Diospyros discolor Wild.) sebagai agen pereduksi dengan rasio (10:1). Terbentuknya nanopartikel perak dikonfirmasi dari hasil spektroskopi UV-vis dengan serapan pada panjang gelombang 400-500 nm. Berdasarkan hasil TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy), nanopartikel perak berbentuk bulat (spherical) dengan ukuran partikel < 10 nm. Sementara itu, hasil PSA (Particle Size Analyzer)menunjukkan bahwa ukuran partikel berkisar 4,6 - 16,8 nm. Selanjutnya, nanopartikel perak dimodifikasi dengan PVA (Polivinil Alkohol) sebagai ligan dengan konsentrasi 1-5% dengan rasio (10:1:3). Indikator NPP yang dimodifikasi PVA1% memiliki nilai zeta potensial 90,76 mV dan monodisperse (IP = 0,293).

Hal tersebut menunjukkan larutan indikator cenderung stabil. Bertambahnya konsentrasi PVA juga menunjukkan adanya pertambahan ukuran. Pendeteksian larutan indikator terhadap ion logam terhadap ion Cu2+ hanya dapat mendeteksi pada kisaran 1000 ppm. Peningkatan sensitivitas dari indikator dilakukan dengan penambahan anion dengan NPP_PVA pada rasio 10:2 (v:v). Secara kualitatif, penambahan anion (Cl-) memiliki pengaruh yang besar terhadap perubahan warna dan pergeseran spektrum UV-vis. Panjang gelombang maksimum (λmax) pada pendeteksian tersebut bergeser ke arah red shifting dikisaran 500 nm. Penambahan anion berdasarkan hasil TEM memberikan efek agregasi. Indikator ini terbukti maupun mendeteksi keberadaan analit ion Cu2+ di 1 ppm."

""Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach, Third Edition, provides a comprehensive and balanced introduction to natural products from a biosynthetic perspective, focusing on the metabolic sequences leading to various classes of natural products. The book builds upon fundamental chemical principles and guides the reader through a wealth of diverse natural metabolites with particular emphasis on those used in medicine." "There have been rapid advances in biosynthetic understanding over the past decade through enzymology, gene isolation and genetic engineering. Medicinal Natural Products has been extended and fully updated in this new edition to reflect and explain these developments and other advances in the field. It retains the user-friendly style and highly acclaimed features of previous editions."."Medicinal Natural Products: A Biosynthetic Approach, Third Edition, is an invaluable textbook for students of pharmacy, pharmacognosy, medicinal chemistry, biochemistry and natural products chemistry."--"

"Medicinal natural products : a biosynthetic approach, third edition, provides a comprehensive and balanced introduction to natural products from a biosynthetic perspective, focussing on the metabolic sequences leading to various classes of natural products. The book builds upon fundamental chemical principles and guides the reader through a wealth of diverse natural metabolites with particular emphasis on those used in medicine.There have been rapid advances in biosynthetic understanding over the past decade through enzymology, gene isolation and genetic engineering. Medicinal Natural Products has been extended and fully updated in this new edition to reflect and explain these developments and other advances in the field."

"A simple introduction explaining the broad principles underlying chemotherapy, this book gives trainees a framework within which they can place the specific aspects of cancer chemotherapy they encounter in their everyday experience. The first part of this book is unique in explaining the recent developments in the field in terms of their point of action in the natural history of cancer. The second and third sections contain a more straightforward description of practical aspects of chemotherapy, and the current place of drug treatment in everyday cancer management, including the outcomes of that treatment."

"Sleep disturbances and fatigue are frequently complained by adolescents with cancer. These problems will lead to avariety of changes that may affect adolescents? development. However, there is very limited data concerningadolescents with cancer in Indonesia. The research aimed to explore sleep disturbances and fatigue in adolescents withcancer who are receiving chemotherapy. The research applied a qualitative design with phenomenology approach. Datawere collected using in-depth interviews with seven adolescents with cancer in Jakarta, Bogor, and Bekasi. Theinterviews involved open questions on seven aspects, consisting of level of fatigue, responses to psychological drives,sleep disturbances, sleep disruption due to illness and chemotherapy, disruptions in some aspects of daily life, responsesto problematic situations, and general perspective on life. Participants stated that chemotherapy induced sleepdisturbances and fatigue, and this situation greatly influenced their overall quality of life. These problems areinterrelated to each other and may affect the success of chemotherapy program. In terms of nursing, this research alsoshows the importance of developing a more effective system for managing sleep disturbances and fatigue duringchemotherapy program.Gangguan Tidur dan Kelelahan pada Remaja Pengidap Kanker yang Menjalani Kemoterapi. Gangguan tidur dankelelahan seringkali dikeluhkan oleh para remaja yang mengidap kanker. Keluhan ini mengakibatkan timbulnyaberbagai perubahan yang dapat memengaruhi pertumbuhan remaja. Namun, data tentang remaja penderita kanker diIndonesia masih sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki keluhan-keluhan berupa gangguan tidur dankelelahan yang diderita oleh remaja pengidap kanker yang sedang menjalani kemoterapi. Penelitian ini menerapkanrancangan kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologis. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan mengadakan wawancaramendalam mengenai tujuh aspek yang terdiri dari tingkat kelelahan, reaksi terhadap dorongan-dorongan psikologis,gangguan tidur, tidur tidak nyenyak karena penyakit dan kemoterapi, gangguan pada sejumlah aspek dalam kehidupansehari-hari, reaksi terhadap keadaan yang menyulitkan, dan pandangan hidup secara umum. Para responden menyatakanbahwa kemoterapi menimbulkan gangguan tidur dan kelelahan. Selain itu, mereka juga menyatakan bahwa situasi inisangat memengaruhi kualitas hidup mereka secara umum. Masalah-masalah ini berkait satu sama lain dan dapatmemengaruhi kesuksesan program kemoterapi yang mereka jalankan. Dari segi keperawatan, penelitian ini jugamenunjukkan pentingnya merancang sebuah sistem yang lebih efektif untuk menghadapi gangguan tidur dan kelelahanselama program kemoterapi."