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"Coconut is a very important plant for the livelihood of people in tropical countries. It is also used as an icon of tropical region. Coconut fruit is very heavy and can cause injuries if the fruit falls down and hits somebody who happens to be underneath a coconut tree. In order to avoid the accident,  the coconut fruits have to be regularly cut off. Coconut tree originated from in vitro cultured endosperm is a triploid plant that produces seedless fruit (without endocarp). Coconut fruit without endocarp is not heavy. The objective of this study was to investigate plant regeneration of fresh and in vitro cultured coconut endosperms. The fresh and developed in vitro cultured coconut endosperms were observed using histological analysis. Solid endosperm of seven month-old postanthesis coconut from “Samoan Dwarf†cultivar was freshly picked up and cultured in vitro on modified Branton & Blake formula. Histological study of fresh coconut endosperm showed that the endosperm consisted of parenchyma cells, which were relatively uniform in shape and size, with some nuclei consisted of 1 – 5 nucleoli. Three month-old calli of in vitro grown coconut endosperm in semi solid media showed that its cells varied in shape and size, characterized by high nucleus to cytoplasm ratio, high starch, protein and lipid contents which underwent many divisions. Seven month-old calli of in vitro grown coconut endosperm in liquid media showed embryogenic cells which resembled proembryos. Fourteen month-old bud-like structure of coconut endosperm in semi solid media showed a meristematic layer, tunica-corpus structure, cortex-like region and tracheids of xylem. These results indicated that the bud-like structure was an early stage of shoot bud formation in coconut endosperm. This is the first report of early stage of shoot bud formation occurring on coconut endosperm cultured in vitro."

"The aim of the present study was to investigate the histochemical effects of long-term soft diet in the medial pterygoid muscle as well as the two heads of the lateral pterygoid muscles in growing rabbits. Eleven young rabbits were divided into two groups as solid diet (control group; n = 6) or soft diet (soft-diet group; n = 5) groups. After 6 months, muscle fibers from the medial and the two heads of the lateral pterygoid muscles were histochemically defined. In the medial pterygoid muscle, the percentage of the type 1 fiber cross-sectional area to total area was 10.1 ± 2.4 % in the control group and 8.3 ± 3.0 % in the soft-diet group, respectively. In the soft-diet group, there was a trend toward an increase in the number of type 2A fibers, and toward a decrease in the numbers of type 2B fibers in comparison with the controls. In the two heads of the lateral pterygoid muscle, the percentage of the type 1 fiber cross-sectional area to total area was 8.4 ± 7.5 and 3.3 ± 2.7 %, respectively. Compared to that of the control group, the two heads in the soft-diet group showed a trend toward a decrease in the number of type 2A fibers. In addition, type 2B had a tendency to decrease in the number in the inferior head. In conclusion, this study suggests that long-term soft diet leads to adaptations of the pterygoid muscles. Two heads of the lateral pterygoid muscle revealed different adaptation from jaw-closing muscles under soft-diet conditions."

"Latar belakang: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis apakah ekspresi protein E-cadherin dan NM23H1 dapat digunakan sebagai prediktor invasi dan metastasis karsinoma duktal payudara pada berbagai derajat keganasan histologik. Metodologi: Subyek penelitian adalah 97 wanita yang telah didiagnosis menderita karsinoma payudara duktal invasif yang dikirim ke laboratorium histopatologi Rumah sakit di Jakarta dan Bandung antara tahun 2000-2006. Pemeriksaan histopatologis dengan pulasan Hematoksilin Eosin terhadap blok parafin yang berasal dari tumor primer maupun sekunder dilakukan untuk penentuan derajat keganasan dan status metastasis. Selanjutnya dilakukan pemeriksaan imunohistokimia terhadap ekspresi E-cadherin, NM23H1 dan sitokeratin di jaringan tersebut serta dilakukan skoring berdasarkan jumlah sel terwarnai dan intensitas pewarnaan. Analisis dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan ekspresi E-cadhetin dan NM23H1 dengan metastatsis dan derajat kieganasan histologik. Hasil: Subyek berusia antara 29-75 tahun dengan rerata 48,19 tahun dan terbanyak berusia 40-45 tahun, dengan derajat keganasan 1 sebanyak 18,56%, derajat 2 sebanyak 45,36% dan derajat 3 sebanyak 36,1%. Terdapat hubungan bermakna antara ekspresi E-cadherin dan NM23H1 pada tumor primer dengan kemungkinan E-cadherin menghambat invasi dan metastasis sebesar 14 kali sedangkan NM23H1 sebanyak 11 kali dibandingkan subyek yang tidak mengekspresikan E-cadherin dan atau NM23H1. Kurva ROC menunjukkan ekspresi E-cadherin (r= 0,755) dan NM23H1 (r= 0,816) berkorelasi kuat, sensitif dan spesifik sebagai petanda metastasis akan tetapi tidak berhubungan dengan derajat keganasan histologik Kesimpulan: Ekspresi E-cadherin dan NM23H1 dapat digunakan sebagai petanda invasi dan metastasis, tetapi tidak dapat digunakan sebagai petanda derajat keganasan histologik karsinoma duktal invasif payudara.

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AbstractBackground: This study aims to analyze whether the expressions of E-cadherin and NM23HI can be used as predictors of ductal carcinoma metastasis in various degrees of histological malignancies. Methods: Paraffin blocks were obtained from 97 patients with invasive breast ductal carcinoma with malignancy grade 1, 2 and 3 who came to several hospitals in Jakarta and Bandung from 2000 to 2006. Histopathological examinations of eosin hematoxylin slides of primary and secondary tumors were done to diagnose the degree of histological malignancy and metastasis status. Further, immunohistochemistry staining of E-cadherin, NM23HI and cytokeratin were done followed by scoring according the number of positive cells and staining intensity. The associations of E-cadhetin and NM23H1 expression with the presence of metastasis and grade of histological malignancy were analyzed. Results: Subjects were 29 - 75 years old (mean: 48.19 years), with most subjects aged 40 ? 45 years old, with malignancy grade 1, 2 and 3 of 18.56%; 45.36% and 36.1% respectively. There was a significant association between E-cadherin and NM23HI expression in primary tumor with the possibility of invasion and metastasis inhibition by 14 times and 11 times respectively compared to those with negative E-cadherin and NM23HI expression. The ROC curve showed that E-cadherin (r=0.755) and NM23HI (r=0.827) expressions were strongly associated, sensitive and specific as metastasis markers. However, E-cadherin and NM23HI expression did not show significant association with histological degree of invasive ductal carcinoma. Conclusion: E-cadherin and NM23HI expressions can be used as invasion and metastasis markers, but cannot be used as markers for the degree of histological malignancy of invasive ductal carcinoma. "

"Sanjaya, Machmudin D, Kurniawati ND. 2010. Histological study of SlNPV infection on body weight and peritrophic membrane damage of Spodoptera litura larvae. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 135-140. The effect of SlNPV infection on body weight andperitrophic membrane damage of Spodoptera litura Fab. larvae has been carried out. The method was used Probit analysis, and based onLD 50 the virus was infected to know body weight and post infection damage.The damage of histological structure caused by SlNPV (0,315, 390, 465, 540 dan 615 PIB/mL) was investigated after 0, 12, 24, 72 and 96 hours post infection. The histological material wasprepared by using parafin method after fixation with Bouin Solution, then slice into 7 um and colored with Hematoxilin-Eosin. Theresult showed that the exposure SlNPV cause decreasing food consumption especially on 540 PIB/mL give average rate as amount of0.1675 mg. The descriptive obsevation on structural intact of peritrophic membrane histology caused by SlNPV infection shows atendency to decrease, while in control, there was no damage at all. The longer the exposition of virion in the midgut lumen the moredamage on peritrophic membrane occurred. The severest damage occurred 96 hour after infection. The result prove that haNPV virioncan destroy hystological structure of midgut"

"The function of lateral line organ system of jack mackerel (Trachurusjaponicus) was studied through histological observations, for identifying the structure and distribution of lateral line organs both for the head part and body trunk, with the identification of the histological details of pores and hair cells. Histological observations were conducted with a binocular microscope, with three different approaches as haematoxylin, methylene blue and di-4-ASP dye for identifying the structure and distribution of lateral line organs, and then to identify the histological details of pores and hair cells by preparing the sampled tissue for photo-microscopic observations. The results showed that seven canal systems were identified in the head part; such as supra temporal, postoptic, optic, supra orbital, infra orbital, operculum and mandibular canals, with the width ranging 0.9-1.5 mm. Higher density of pore distribution was examined on the nasal and dorsal areas of the head part, which is 7-8 and 5 pores/mm2 respectively. In the other areas of the head part, the density of pores was ranged as 1-2 pores/mm2. Concerning the body trunk, 29 pores of 12-13 pm diameters were identified along the main lateral line. The functions of lateral line organ of jack mackerel are discussed in relation to the swimming behaviour and performance."

"ABSTRACTThe histological outcomes after nonsurgical periodontal treatment with enamel matrix derivatives (EMD) remain controversial. The present study evaluated periodontal wound healing after scaling and root planing (SRP) with subgingival application of EMD for treatment of experimental periodontitis. Periodontal breakdown was induced by applying silk ligatures around mandibular third and fourth premolars of six beagle dogs until radiographic bone loss progressed to approximately half of the root length. Probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were proximally measured 2 weeks after ligature removal (baseline). Mesial and distal surfaces of the experimental teeth were subjected to SRP and randomized using a split-mouth design to subgingival application of EMD (test) or normal saline (control). PPD and CAL were re-evaluated at 11 weeks. Animals were sacrificed at 12 weeks for histological analyses. No significant differences were observed in PPD and CAL between both groups at baseline and at 11 weeks. Histologically, test sites exhibited a greater amount of new cementum than that did the control sites (p < 0.01). Moreover, the control sites revealed increased epithelial downgrowth compared with the test sites: (p < 0.05). On the other hand, no intergroup differences were detected in terms of bone position, connective tissue attachment, gingival recession, and planed root length. This study suggested that EMD has an increased potential to support formation of new cementum with decreased epithelial downgrowth when used as an adjunct to nonsurgical periodontal treatment."

"Latar belakang: Prematuritas merupakan salah satu kelainan yang masih menjadi masalah global. Kejadian prematuritas tidak hanya terjadi di negara berkembang tetapi juga di negara maju. Beberapa kondisi ibu hamil dapat memicu keadaan hipoksia dalam rahim sehingga menyebabkan kelahiran prematur. Keadaan plasenta menggambarkan kesejahteraan janin intra uteri. Kondisi hipoksia seluler memicu ekspresi HIF-1α yang menjadi faktor transkripsi bagi CA9 sebagai penanda hipoksia. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis pengaruh hipoksia terhadap plasenta prematur. Metode: Sampel menggunakan plasenta prematur yang hipoksia (H) dan nonhipoksia (N) sebagai kontrol. Parameter yang dinilai adalah struktur histologis plasenta (Hematoksilin-Eosin), regulator hipoksia HIF-1α (imunohistokimia), dan penanda hipoksia CA9 (ELISA). Hasil: Penilaian struktur histologis menunjukkan adanya perbedaan jumlah pembuluh darah fetus antara kedua kelompok secara bermakna, dimana pada kelompok hipoksia jumlah pembuluh darah fetus lebih banyak dibandingkan kelompok non-hipoksia. Distribusi intensitas ekspresi HIF-1α kedua kelompok juga berbeda bermakna. Rerata kadar CA9 kedua kelompok tidak berbeda bermakna, namun terdapat kecenderungan rerata kadar CA9 kelompok hipoksia lebih tinggi 28% dibandingkan yang non-hipoksia. Kesimpulan: Pengaruh hipoksia terhadap plasenta prematur pada tingkat molekuler berupa stabilitas protein HIF-1α yang menyebabkan peningkatan jumlah pembuluh darah fetus dan terjadi kecenderungan peningkatan sintesis protein CA9.

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Background: Prematurity is a disorder that is still a global problem. Incidence of prematurity is a problem in developing and also in developed countries. Certain condition accompanying pregnancies may trigger uterine hypoxia, causing premature birth. The placental condition is related with the intra-uterine fetal condition. Cellular hypoxic condition caused by systemic chronic hypoxia, lead to stabilization of HIF-1α protein, a transcription factor of CA9. This study aimed to analyze the effect of hypoxia on the premature placenta.

Methods: Samples from hypoxic premature placenta (H) and non-hypoxic premature placenta (N) were collected. Parameters assessed were histological structure of the placenta (Hematoxylin-Eosin), expression of HIF-1α (immunohistochemistry) and the level of CA9 (ELISA).

Results: Assessment of histological structure showed the number of fetal blood vessels were differed significantly between the two group, wherein the hypoxia group was more than the non-hypoxia. The distributions of HIF-1α expression between the two groups were also differed significantly. The average level of CA9 between two groups were not significant, but there is a tendency of higher level of CA9 in the hypoxia group (28% higher compared to the non-hypoxia group).

Conclusion: It is concluded that the effect of the hypoxia on premature placenta in this study occured at molecular level and lead to HIF-1α protein stability that causes an increase of the number of fetal blood vessel and synthesis of CA9 protein."