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"Pharmacy and the US Healthcare System is a one-stop textbook of current information about the features of the US healthcare system. It covers the personnel and institutions, along with concise reports on trends, regulations policy and finance.Contents1. Health and health care in the United States /​ David M. ScottHealth and diseaseHistorical evolution of health servicesThe private health care sectorThe public health care systemHealth care: Right or privilege?2. Financing US health care /​ Leanne LaiHealth care financingFunding sources of health care financingChallenges for US health care financing3. Managed care pharmacy /​ Judith A. CahillWhat is managed care?Managed care pharmacy toolsRoles pharmacists play In managed care settings4. The health professions /​ Albert I. Wertheimer, Jr.Prescribing authorityHealth manpowerPhysiciansPharmacy personnel and practice sitePharmacy issues and trends5. Pharmacists and US health care /​ Yifei LiuThe workforce of pharmacists in the United States6. Pharmacy organizations /​ Joseph ThomasRole of pharmacy organizationsHistorical development of pharmacy organizationsSpecific pharmacy organizationsCurrent issues for pharmacy organizationsIndividual decisions regarding organizations7. Emerging roles /​ Richard J. BertinAdvanced practice credentialingCollaborative drug therapy managementOther emerging practice models8. Political realities of pharmacy /​ Robert I. FieldGrowth of pharmaceutical use and spending: Prelude to intensifying political conflictRegulation, patents and politicsInsurance for prescriptionsPharmaceutical industry research and marketingMedicare coverageThe role of pharmacistsThe next political realities: genetics and personalized medicineLooking ahead9. Hospital and health care institutions /​ Sherilyn J. VanOsdol and Charles E. DanielsHistory of hospitals in the United StatesScope of the US health care systemFocus on patient safetyFuture challenges facing hospitals10. Pharmacist role in long-term care /​ Richard G. Stefanacci and Thomas R. ClarkThe growing population of older adultsDemand for health care servicesMedicare Parts A, B, C, and D in long-term careHealth care reformSpecial considerations in the provision of health care to older adultsLong-term careNursing facilitiesThe role of the geriatric pharmacist in other long-term care settings11. The research manufacturing pharmaceutical industry /​ Jean Paul GagnonEconomic impactUS pharmaceutical industry state of affairsFuture outlook for the US pharmaceutical industry12. Drug distribution /​ Sheryl L. Szeinbach and Earlene LipowskiDistribution and marketing strategyPharmaceutical trendsPharmaceutical manufacturersHealth care distributors in the United StatesContributions of the distributor industryPackagingDistribution in large community pharmaciesOther distribution channelsAvailability and distribution of generic drugsOther trends in distributionAchieving operational efficiency through automationSpecialty pharmaceuticals13. The consumers of healthcare /​ Somanth Pal, Damary Castanheira Torres and Maria Marzella MantioneThe definition of the health care consumerWhy the shift toward consumerism?Where do consumers most often get their health information?Changing demographics of health care consumersBehavioral models in the patient-practitioner relationshipHealth, illness, and sick-role behaviorDiversity in the US consumer14. The drug use process /​ Jack E. FinchamDrug use in the health care systemSelf-carePatient complianceDrug use by the elderlyThe epidemic of prescribed drug abuseHealth care reform and the drug use process15. Patient safety and pharmacovigilance /​ Stephen F. Eckel, Alexander T. Jenkins and Kayla FlansenOverview of pharmacovigilance and medication error reportingRegulatory approval process and post-marketing surveillanceRisk evaluation and mitigation strategies16. Provisions of care to subpopulations: a cultural perspective /​ Eucharia E. Nnadi and Tracy E. OkoloMinorities: diversity in the health care fieldCulture, race, ethnicity, and health careCultural sensitivityEpidemiology, ethnic variations and access to careEthnic and racial difference in treatment outcome variationsCultural influences and use of health care and pharmaceutical servicesCulture and treatment compliance17. Professionalism and ethics /​ Dean L. ArnesonPharmacy code of ethicsList, explain and give examples of ethical theoriesList, define and give examples of ethical principlesDistinguish the difference between virtues, values, morals and rightsList and explain a decision process for determining solutions to ethical dilemmasDiscuss ethical dilemmas in process of providing patient careWhat is professionalism?List and discuss the characteristics of professionalismDiscuss the concept of professionalismWhat is caring?18. Health Information technology: emerging challenges for pharmacy /​ Mark Brueckl, Norrie Thomas and Abigail StoddardKey health IT conceptsHIT driversKey hit events and legislationFuture challenges: interoperability, HIT standards, and HIT organizationsImplications for pharmacistsResearchThe future of HIT19. Unresolved issues in pharmacy: imagining the future /​ William A. ZellmerTransformation: letting go of old dreamsDiffusion: steps toward the futureImagination: measuring progress20. The future /​ J. Lyle BootmanProviding, demonstrating, and paying for valuePopulation dynamicsTechnologyEducation."

"Lebih dari 90% pelayanan kesehatan di rumah sakit menggunakan persediaan farmasi. Selain itu, item persediaan farmasi di rumah sakit juga sangat banyak dan beragam sehingga memiliki nilai investasi paling besar dibandingkan dengan persediaan lainnya. Oleh karena itu, maka dibutuhkan suatu sistem pengendalian yang optimal. Instalasi Farmasi RS Kanker Dharmais telah melakukan beberapa upaya pengendalian persediaan, tetapi belum menerapkan metode yang mengelompokkan persediaan berdasarkan nilai investasi dan metode pengendalian yang mempertimbangkan biaya persediaan.Jenis penelitian ini adalah studi kasus untuk melihat biaya persediaan kelompok obat kanker reguler yang memiliki nilai investasi paling besar selama periode Januari hingga Maret 2009. Hasil penelitian, terdapat 20 sediaan jadi obat kanker reguler yang termasuk kelompok A berdasarkan Analisis ABC sehingga menjadi kelompok yang paling difokuskan dalam pengendalian. Diketahui pula bahwa biaya per pemesanan persediaan farmasi adalah Rp 2.761,3 dan biaya penyimpanan persediaan farmasi adalah Rp 8.231.133,25. Setelah dihitung jumlah pemesanan paling ekonomis pada masing-masing obat kanker reguler kelompok A, ternyata jumlah pemesanan dengan metode EOQ lebih sedikit dari jumlah pemesanan RS Kanker Dharmais sehingga frekuensi pemesanan dengan metode EOQ menjadi lebih sering. Hal itu menyebabkan biaya pemesanan dengan metode EOQ menjadi lebih tinggi, sedangkan biaya penyimpanannya menjadi lebih rendah. Dilihat dari total biaya persediaan, penggunaan metode EOQ dapat mengefisiensikan biaya persediaan selama tiga bulan sebesar 36,01% dari biaya persediaan menggunakan metode yang saat ini digunakan RS Kanker Dharmais.Penulis menyarankan penggunaan Analisis ABC secara rutin karena persediaan farmasi di Instalasi Kanker Dharmais memiliki jenis dan jumlah yang sangat banyak, sehingga Analisis ABC akan mempermudah pihak Instalasi Farmasi dalam menentukan fokus pengendalian pada persediaan yang penting (kelompok A). Sedangkan untuk menerapkan metode EOQ, perlu dilakukan penelitian lain untuk mempertimbangkan hal-hal selain dari sisi biaya.

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More than 90% of health services in the hospital use pharmaceutical inventory. Moreover, pharmaceutical inventory in hospital has large amount and various items, so it becomes the inventory which has the biggest investment compared with the other inventories. Therefore, an optimal inventory control system is needed to be applied for pharmaceutical inventory. Pharmacy Department of Dharmais Cancer Hospital has applied some inventory control methods. They are manual and computerized inventory record keeping system and also minimum-maximum inventory level, but has not yet applied inventory control method which group inventory items based on the investment value and inventory control method which consider inventory cost.This research takes inventory cost of reguler cancer drugs which has the bigget investment value during January to March 2009 as the case study. The result shows that 20 doses forms of reguler cancer grugs are included as A group based on ABC Analysis so they become the focus of inventory control. Moreover, the result shows that ordering cost of pharmaceutical inventory in Dharmais Cancer Hospital is Rp 2.761,3 per order, while the holding cost is Rp 8.231.133,25 per month. The number of ordering with the EOQ method is fewer than the number of ordering with Dharmais method so as the frequency of order is more often. That causes the ordering cost with EOQ method becomes higher, whereas the holding cost become lower. By counting the total inventory cost, we can see that the total inventory cost by using EOQ method for three months period is 36,01% lower than total inventory cost by using Dharmais method.Based on the result of this research, Pharmacy Department of Dharmais Cancer Hospital is suggested to use ABC Analysis regularly since it has large number and various pharmaceutical inventory so that ABC Analysis can help to determine the focus of inventory control (A group). Whereas, to apply the EOQ method, another research must be done first to consider other matters apart from the aspect of the cost."