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"Pharmacy and the US Healthcare System is a one-stop textbook of current information about the features of the US healthcare system. It covers the personnel and institutions, along with concise reports on trends, regulations policy and finance.Contents1. Health and health care in the United States /​ David M. ScottHealth and diseaseHistorical evolution of health servicesThe private health care sectorThe public health care systemHealth care: Right or privilege?2. Financing US health care /​ Leanne LaiHealth care financingFunding sources of health care financingChallenges for US health care financing3. Managed care pharmacy /​ Judith A. CahillWhat is managed care?Managed care pharmacy toolsRoles pharmacists play In managed care settings4. The health professions /​ Albert I. Wertheimer, Jr.Prescribing authorityHealth manpowerPhysiciansPharmacy personnel and practice sitePharmacy issues and trends5. Pharmacists and US health care /​ Yifei LiuThe workforce of pharmacists in the United States6. Pharmacy organizations /​ Joseph ThomasRole of pharmacy organizationsHistorical development of pharmacy organizationsSpecific pharmacy organizationsCurrent issues for pharmacy organizationsIndividual decisions regarding organizations7. Emerging roles /​ Richard J. BertinAdvanced practice credentialingCollaborative drug therapy managementOther emerging practice models8. Political realities of pharmacy /​ Robert I. FieldGrowth of pharmaceutical use and spending: Prelude to intensifying political conflictRegulation, patents and politicsInsurance for prescriptionsPharmaceutical industry research and marketingMedicare coverageThe role of pharmacistsThe next political realities: genetics and personalized medicineLooking ahead9. Hospital and health care institutions /​ Sherilyn J. VanOsdol and Charles E. DanielsHistory of hospitals in the United StatesScope of the US health care systemFocus on patient safetyFuture challenges facing hospitals10. Pharmacist role in long-term care /​ Richard G. Stefanacci and Thomas R. ClarkThe growing population of older adultsDemand for health care servicesMedicare Parts A, B, C, and D in long-term careHealth care reformSpecial considerations in the provision of health care to older adultsLong-term careNursing facilitiesThe role of the geriatric pharmacist in other long-term care settings11. The research manufacturing pharmaceutical industry /​ Jean Paul GagnonEconomic impactUS pharmaceutical industry state of affairsFuture outlook for the US pharmaceutical industry12. Drug distribution /​ Sheryl L. Szeinbach and Earlene LipowskiDistribution and marketing strategyPharmaceutical trendsPharmaceutical manufacturersHealth care distributors in the United StatesContributions of the distributor industryPackagingDistribution in large community pharmaciesOther distribution channelsAvailability and distribution of generic drugsOther trends in distributionAchieving operational efficiency through automationSpecialty pharmaceuticals13. The consumers of healthcare /​ Somanth Pal, Damary Castanheira Torres and Maria Marzella MantioneThe definition of the health care consumerWhy the shift toward consumerism?Where do consumers most often get their health information?Changing demographics of health care consumersBehavioral models in the patient-practitioner relationshipHealth, illness, and sick-role behaviorDiversity in the US consumer14. The drug use process /​ Jack E. FinchamDrug use in the health care systemSelf-carePatient complianceDrug use by the elderlyThe epidemic of prescribed drug abuseHealth care reform and the drug use process15. Patient safety and pharmacovigilance /​ Stephen F. Eckel, Alexander T. Jenkins and Kayla FlansenOverview of pharmacovigilance and medication error reportingRegulatory approval process and post-marketing surveillanceRisk evaluation and mitigation strategies16. Provisions of care to subpopulations: a cultural perspective /​ Eucharia E. Nnadi and Tracy E. OkoloMinorities: diversity in the health care fieldCulture, race, ethnicity, and health careCultural sensitivityEpidemiology, ethnic variations and access to careEthnic and racial difference in treatment outcome variationsCultural influences and use of health care and pharmaceutical servicesCulture and treatment compliance17. Professionalism and ethics /​ Dean L. ArnesonPharmacy code of ethicsList, explain and give examples of ethical theoriesList, define and give examples of ethical principlesDistinguish the difference between virtues, values, morals and rightsList and explain a decision process for determining solutions to ethical dilemmasDiscuss ethical dilemmas in process of providing patient careWhat is professionalism?List and discuss the characteristics of professionalismDiscuss the concept of professionalismWhat is caring?18. Health Information technology: emerging challenges for pharmacy /​ Mark Brueckl, Norrie Thomas and Abigail StoddardKey health IT conceptsHIT driversKey hit events and legislationFuture challenges: interoperability, HIT standards, and HIT organizationsImplications for pharmacistsResearchThe future of HIT19. Unresolved issues in pharmacy: imagining the future /​ William A. ZellmerTransformation: letting go of old dreamsDiffusion: steps toward the futureImagination: measuring progress20. The future /​ J. Lyle BootmanProviding, demonstrating, and paying for valuePopulation dynamicsTechnologyEducation."

"Perencanaan kebutuhan merupakan kegiatan untuk menentukan jumlah dan periode pengadaan sediaan farmasi, alat kesehatan, dan Bahan Medis Habis Pakai sesuai dengan hasil kegiatan pemilihan untuk menjamin terpenuhinya kriteria tepat jenis, tepat jumlah, tepat waktu dan efisien. Perencanaan dilakukan untuk menghindari terjadinya kekosongan stok maupun stok obat yang berlebih. Stok obat yang berlebih dapat menyebabkan kondisi dead stock. Suatu obat dapat dikategorikan sebagai dead stock ketika persediaan obat tidak digunakan sama sekali dalam waktu tiga bulan berturut-turut. Obat keadaan darurat medis merupakan daftar jenis obat yang diperlukan untuk penanganan kasus pasien dalam keadaan darurat medis sebagai pedoman atau gambaran pada tempat praktik mandiri dokter dan klinik yang tidak menyelenggarakan pelayanan kefarmasian. Obat ini harus selalu tersedia di dalam fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan karena termasuk obat dengan kategori lifesaving. Terdapat 330 jenis obat yang tergolong ke dalam kategori dead stock di depo farmasi IGD RSUI, dan dua diantaranya termasuk kedalam daftar obat keadaan darurat medis yaitu, lidokain 2% 2 mL injeksi dan dobutamine 250 mg/20 mL inj. Dead stock dapat terjadi karena beberapa alasan antara lain, obat, perencanaan obat yang kurang tepat sehingga stock obat berlebih, dan kurangnya langkah tindak lanjut untuk menangani obat dengan penggunaan dan perputaran yang rendah.

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The process of planning requirements involves determining the quantity and procurement period of pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, and Disposable Medical Supplies in accordance with the results of the selection process to ensure the fulfillment of criteria including the right type, right amount, right timing, and efficiency. Planning is conducted to avoid both stock shortages and excessive drug supplies. Excessive drug supplies can lead to a condition known as dead stock. An item is categorized as dead stock when the inventory of that item remains unused for three consecutive months. Emergency medical condition drugs comprise a list of medications necessary for handling patient cases in emergency medical situations. This list serves as a guideline or reference in independent medical practice settings and clinics that do not provide pharmaceutical services. These medications must always be available in healthcare facilities due to their categorization as lifesaving drugs. Within the pharmacy depot of the Emergency Department at the University of Indonesia Hospital, there are 330 types of drugs categorized as dead stock, and two of these are also included in the emergency medical condition drugs list: lidocaine 2% 2 mL injection and dobutamine 250 mg/20 mL inj. Dead stock can occur due to several reasons, including inappropriate drug planning resulting in excess stock, and a lack of follow-up measures to address drugs with low usage and turnover."

"Penyimpanan obat menjadi salah satu faktor penting dalam pengelolaan obat di apotek karena dengan penyimpanan yang baik dan efisien, pelayanan obat kepada pasien dapat dilakukan dengan tepat guna serta hasil guna. Namun, penyimpanan yang tidak efisien dapat membuat obat cepat rusak atau tidak terdeteksinya obat kadaluwarsa. Tugas khusus ini bertujuan untuk melakukan simulasi penyimpanan obat non padat, alat kesehatan, dan bahan medis habis pakai (BMHP) berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan (PMK) Nomor 73 Tahun 2016 di Apotek Roxy Poltangan. Metode yang digunakan melalui observasi serta simulasi. Tata cara penyimpanan obat non padat, alat kesehatan, dan BMHP dikumpulkan melalui observasi langsung. Selain itu, dilakukan simulasi perbaikan penyimpanan sesuai dengan peraturan di atas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyimpanan obat non padat terdiri dari sediaan non padat oral yang meliputi sirup dan drop. Sediaan non oral meliputi salep, krim, gel, injeksi dan infus, ovula dan suppositoria, tetes mata, tetes telinga, inhalasi, nebulasi, dan insulin. Penyimpanan obat non padat, alat kesehatan, dan BMHP yang sesuai PMK No.73 Tahun 2016 meliputi penyimpanan di wadah asli pabrik, high alert, penyimpanan sesuai suhu, tempat penyimpanan obat dipisahkan dengan barang kontaminan, dan FEFO. Penyimpanan berdasarkan bentuk sediaan, alfabetis, dan LASA masih belum sesuai. Kesimpulan dari tugas khusus ini adalah penyimpanan obat non padat, alat kesehatan, dan bahan medis habis pakai (BMHP) di Apotek Roxy Poltangan masih belum sesuai namun sudah diperbaiki sesuai dengan Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan (PMK) Nomor 73 Tahun 2016.

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Drug storage is an important factor in drug management in pharmacies because with good and efficient storage, drug services to patients can be carried out effectively and efficiently. However, inefficient storage can make drugs spoil quickly or expired drugs cannot be detected. This special assignment aims to simulate the storage of non-solid drugs, medical devices, and consumable medical materials (BMHP) based on Minister of Health Regulation (PMK) Number 73 of 2016 at the Roxy Poltangan Pharmacy. The method used is through observation and simulation. Procedures for storing non-solid drugs, medical devices, and BMHP were collected through direct observation. In addition, storage repair simulations were carried out according to the regulations above. The results showed that storage of non-solid drugs consisted of oral non-solid preparations which included syrup and drops. Non-oral preparations include ointments, creams, gels, injections and infusions, ovules and suppositories, eye drops, ear drops, inhalation, nebulization and insulin. Storage of non-solid drugs, medical devices, and BMHP in accordance with PMK No. 73 of 2016 includes storage in original factory containers, high alert, storage according to temperature, where drugs are stored separately from contaminants, and FEFO. Storage based on dosage form, alphabetical, and LASA is still not appropriate. The conclusion from this special assignment is that the storage of non-solid drugs, medical devices, and consumable medical materials (BMHP) at the Roxy Poltangan Pharmacy is still not appropriate but has been repaired in accordance with Minister of Health Regulation (PMK) Number 73 of 2016."