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"Buku yang berjudul "Clinical pharmacokinetics concepts and applications" ini ditulis oleh Malcolm Rowland, dan Thomas N. Tozer. Buku ini membahas tentang konsep-konsep klinis pharmacokinetik."

"The medical benefits of a drug are not only dependent on its biological effect, but also on its "life cycle" within the organism, from its absorption into the blood, distribution to tissue until its eventual breakdown or excretion by the liver and kidneys.Here, the authors, all of them employed at Pfizer in the discovery and development of new active substances, discuss the significant parameters and processes important for the absorption, distribution and retention of drug compounds in the body, plus the potential problems created by their transformation into toxic byproducts. The authors cover everything from the fundamental principles right up to the latest developments using high throughput methods to analyze the pharmacokinetic properties of active substances.Particular emphasis is placed on the impact of pharmacokinetic parameters on the discovery of new drugs, one of the most challenging tasks in global pharmaceutical research."

"Highlighting the extremely important preclinical aspects of flavonoids, including pharmacokinetics and analysis in biological samples, Flavonoid Pharmacokinetics covers the methods of analysis and pharmacokinetics (preclinical and clinical) of flavonoids to help readers comprehend pharmacokinetic terminology, understand the large number of compounds that encompass the flavonoid family, appreciate the multiple analytical methods available, and assess preclinical and clinical pharmacokinetics of flavonoids and similar chemical-derived compounds. The book uses applicable examples in differ."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan suatu pemodelan matematis, Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) yang dapat menggambarkan biodistribusi Nivolumab pada pasien. Penelitian ini menggunakan data biodistribusi dari 89Zr-nivolumab pada tikus humanized-Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes-Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (hu-PBL-SCID) atau tikus PBL. Kompartemen organ pada struktur pemodelan PBPK terdiri dari ruang vaskular, interstitial, serta endothelial. Parameter yang diestimasi adalah faktor modulasi laju transkapiler (MK) dan faktor modulasi laju pinositosis (F2) dari masing-masing organ, serta clearance dari plasma (CLePL). Setelah berhasil mendapatkan nilai parameter yang diestimasi, model PBPK akan ditranslasikan ke manusia untuk dianalisa nilai area di bawah kurva (AUCs) terkait toksisitas obat di dalam tubuh. Parameter yang tidak diketahui dalam model PBPK berhasil diestimasi dari data, ditunjukkan dengan visualisasi grafik dengan koefisien variasi dari parameter (%CV≤50%). Nilai parameter yang diestimasi adalah CLePL=5,56x10^-5 (%CV = 25,60%), MK=5,26x10^-1 – 4,27 (%CV=15,09% – 24,91%), dan F2=2,41x10^-2 – 4,31x10^-2 (%CV=23,84% – 29,55%) untuk hati; limpa; ginjal; dan jaringan otot. Studi simulasi menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan dosis Nivolumab yang diinjeksikan akan meningkatkan nilai AUCs toksisitas obat pada setiap organ di dalam tubuh manusia. Pemodelan matematis telah berhasil dikembangkan dan mampu menggambarkan biodistribusi dari 89Zr-Df-nivolumab pada tikus.

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This study aimed to develop a mathematical model, Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) to describe the biodistribution of Nivolumab in patients. This study used biodistribution data from 89Zr-nivolumab in humanized-Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes-Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (hu-PBL-SCID) mice or PBL mice. The organ compartments in the PBPK modeling structure consist of vascular, interstitial, and endothelial spaces. The estimated parameter were the modulation factor of transcapillary flow (MK) and modulation factor of pinocytosis rate (F2) from each organ, as well as plasma clearance (CLePL). After successfully obtaining the estimated parameter values, the PBPK model will be translated to humans to analyze the value of the Area Under the Curves (AUCs) related to drug toxicity in the body. The unknown parameters in the PBPK model was successfully estimated from the data, shown by the visualization of the graph with the coefficient of variation of the parameters (%CV≤50%). The values of the estimated parameters were CLePL=5,56x10^-5 (%CV = 25,60%), MK=5,26x10^-1 – 4,27 (%CV=15,09% – 24,91%), dan F2=2,41x10^-2 – 4,31x10^-2 (%CV=23,84% – 29,55%) for liver, spleen, kidney, and muscle. The simulation study showed that increasing the injected dose of Nivolumab will increase the value of AUCs and drug toxicity in the human body. Mathematical modeling has been successfully developed and was able to describe the biodistribution of 89Zr-Df-nivolumab in mice."