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"The purpose of this book mainly concerning the uptake and translocation of heavy metals in plants, mechanisms of toxicity, perception of metal and regulation of cell response under metal stress. Another key feature of this book is related to the studies on signaling and remediation processes in recent years, which have taken advantage of recent technological advances including "omic" approaches. In recent years transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic studies have become very important tools for analyzing both the dynamics of changes in gene expression and the profiles of protein and metabolites under heavy metal stress. "

"Many drugs and other xenobiotics (e.g., preservatives, insecticides, and plastifiers) contain hydrolyzable moieties such as ester or amide groups. In biological media, such foreign compounds are, therefore, important substrates for hydrolytic reactions catalyzed by hydrolases or proceeding non-enzymatically. Despite their significance, until now, no book has been dedicated to hydrolysis and hydrolases in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics. This work fills a gap in the literature and reviews metabolic reactions of hydrolysis and hydarion from the point of views of enzymes, substrates, and reactions."

"Salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan hiperbilirubinemia tak terkonjugasi adalah mutasi pada gen UGT1A1 yang menyandikan enzim UDP-glukuronosiltransferase, berupa single nucleotide polymorphism dari asam amino glisin menjadi asam amino arginin di posisi kodon 71 Gly71Arg , sehingga terjadi penurunan fungsi enzim tersebut sebagai pengatalisis bilirubin tak terkonjugasi menjadi bilirubin terkonjugasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil polimorfisme Gly71Arg gen UGT1A1 pasien neonatus RSUD M. Yunus-Bengkulu dengan hiperbilirubinemia tak terkonjugasi, khususnya yang berberat badan lahir normal. Sampel berupa darah dari 20 neonatus di RSUD M. Yunus Bengkulu yang telah diperiksa kadar bilirubinnya dengan Bilistick, diekstraksi untuk mendapatkan DNA genomiknya, kemudian dianalisis dengan metode PCR-RFLP menggunakan enzim AvaII. Terdapat 8 sampel DNA yang terdigesti 40 menunjukkan bahwa DNA tersebut normal dan membawa alel glisin, sedangkan tidak terdapat DNA yang tidak terdigesti, yaitu yang mengalami mutasi dengan membawa alel arginin. Namun terdapat 12 sampel DNA heterozigot 60 yang menunjukkan adanya alel glisin dan arginin bersamaan di dalam DNA tersebut. Dengan demikian, mutasi Gly71Arg pada ekson 1 gen UGT1A1 hanya memiliki sedikit pengaruh pada peningkatan kadar hiperbilirubinemia tak terkonjugasi pada neonatus di Bengkulu.

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One of many factors that causes unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is the existence of mutations in the UGT1A1 gene that encode the UDP glukuronosiltransferase enzyme, where a single nucleotide polymorphism that causes the amino acid glycine to change into amino acid arginine at codon position 71 Gly71Arg, decreases the enzyme from functioning properly as a catalyzer of unconjugated bilirubin into a conjugated bilirubin. This study is aimed to determine the profile of polymorphism Gly71Arg in the UGT1A1 gene of neonatal patients RSUD M. Yunus Bengkulu with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, especially with normal birth weight. Samples of blood from 20 newborns in RSUD M. Yunus Bengkulu which had been checked its bilirubin concentration with Bilistick, were extracted to obtain the genomic DNA, then analyzed by PCR RFLP method using the AvaII enzyme. The digested DNA with total of 8 samples 40 indicated that the DNA are normal and carrying the allele glycine, while there is no the undigested DNA which showed the mutation with the allele arginine. But there are 12 heterozygous DNA samples 60 that showed allele glycine and arginine together in the DNA. Therefore, Gly71Arg mutation in exon 1 of UGT1A1 gene has a little effect of the unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia enhancement in neonatal in Bengkulu."

"Spherical si nanocrystallites with ge core (-20- nm in average dot diameter) have been prepared by controlling selective growth conditions of low-presure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) on ultrathin SiO2 using alternately pure SiH4 and 5% GeH4 diluted with He...."

"This paper describes an interdisciplinary research project to investigate the sustainability of off-grid photovoltaic energy service (PVES) delivery in Indonesia...."

"Kitosan merupakan suatu turunan kitin yang memiliki efek anti kanker. Dalam penelitiaan ini, akan diuji efek kitosan terhadap HSC-4, yang berupa galur sel kanker skuamosa mulut, dan A-549, yang berupa galur adenokarsinoma paruparu, dalam medium kultur. Kedua jenis sel kanker dipajan dengan kitosan pada konsentrasi 0,0005%; 0,0025%; 0,005%; 0,25%; dan 0,5%. Viabillitas sel akan dilihat setelah empat jam pemaparan menggunakan metode MTT assay. Viabilitas kedua jenis sel lebih tinggi pada konsentrasi 0,0005%; 0,0025%; dan 0,005% serta lebih rendah pada konsentrasi 0,25% dan 0,5% dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Kitosan dengan konsentrasi 0,25% dan 0,5% mempunyai efek paling sitotoksik terhadap kedua jenis sel.

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Chitosan is derivate of chitin that has anticancer effect. This present study examined the anticancer effect of chitosan against HSC-4, which is oral squamous cell carcinoma, and A-549, which is lung adenocarcinoma, in vitro. Both cancer cells were exposed to chitosan, each with 0.0005%; 0.0025%; 0,005%; 0.25%; and 0.5% concentration. Cell viability was read after four hours with MTT assay. Both cancer cells were more viable at 0.0005%; 0.0025%; and 0.005% concentration; at 0.25% and 0.5% concentration were less viable than control. These result suggest that chitosan at 0.25% and 0.5% concentration have the most cytotoxic effect on both cells."

"Daging buah Avokad mengandung senyawa fenol (flavonoid, tannin), dan alkaloid yang secara teoritis dikatakan memiliki efek antibakteri.Tujuan: Mengetahui efek antibakteri ekstrak daging buah Avokad terhadap Streptococcus mutans.Metode: Ekstrak daging buah Avokad diekstraksi dengan metode infundasi, kemudian dibuat menjadi 4 konsentrasi yaitu 80%, 90%, 95%, dan 100%. Ekstrak tersebut lalu diujicobakan kepada Streptococcus mutans yang diisolasi dari saliva 20 mahasiswa FKG UI. Efek antibakteri diuji dengan menggunakan metode difusi dan pengenceran, yang ditujukan untuk menentukan diameter zona hambatan, kadar hambat minimum (KHM) dan kadar bunuh minimum (KBM).Hasil: Nilai mean diameter zona hambatan yang dihasilkan ekstrak daging buah Avokad, yaitu: konsentrasi 80%: 1,368 mm; 90%: 1,391 mm; 95%: 1,171 mm; 100%: 1,800 mm. Ekstrak daging buah Avokad tidak memberikan nilai KHM dan KBM.Kesimpulan: Pada penelitian ini, efek antibakteri ekstrak daging buah Avokad belum terbukti efektif terhadap Streptococcus mutans.Saran: Dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut tentang efek antibakteri ekstrak daging buah Avokad menggunakan metode ekstraksi berbeda.

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Nowadays, traditional plants are becoming more often to be used as an

alternative choice for healing mouth diseases, including tootache. One of them is Persea americana, which is known as Avocado, that is used to heal tootache. Avocado fruit contains phenol, flavonoid, alkaloid, and tannin which are studied having an antibacterial effect.

Objective: To determine the antibacterial effect of Avocado fruit extract on Streptococcus mutans.

Method: The bacteria used in this experiment was identified from 20 dental students in University of Indonesia. The experiment used infundasion method to extract the fruit. The extract concentration tested were 80%, 90%, 95%, 100%. The test method of the antibacterial effect were diffusion and dillution method, which were used to determine the inhibition zone, minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal oncentration (MBC).

Result: The inhibition zone of Avocado fruit extract were 80% concentration: 1,368 mm, 90%: 1,391 mm, 95%: 1,171 mm, 100%: 1,800 mm. Avocado fruit extract did not have MIC and MBC values.

Conclusion: On this research, Avocado fruit extract (infundasion method) had not been proven effective to give an antibacterial effect on Streptococcus mutans.

Suggestion: The next research will be about the antibacterial effect of Avocado fruit extract using a different extraction method."