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"ABSTRACTKandungan logam berat seperti nikel, vanadium, dan besi pada crude oil dapat meracuni katalis dalam proses residue catalytic cracking. Persebaran kandungan logam dalam crude oil diketahui dengan mengelompokan fraksi maltenes dan asphaltenes dengan cara ekstraksi didapatkan bobot fraksi maltenes dan asphaltenes sebesar 61,16 dan 1,004 . Pemisahan fraksi maltenes dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode kormatografi kolom dengan menggunakan eluen n-heptan:etil asetat 8,5:1,5 dan metode ekstraksi menggunakan metanol. Sementara itu, pemisahan asphaltenes dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode soxhlet dan sonikasi dengan menggunakan silika gel sebagai campuran asphaltenes dan menggunakan metanol sebagai pelarut. Hasil pemisahan pada fraksi maltenes dan asphaltenes dianalisa menggunakan FTIR menunjukkan adanya cincin pirol pada bilangan gelombang 800 cm-1 yang merupakan kerangka pembentukan porfirin. Sementara itu hasil spektrofotometer UV-Vis menunjukan terdapat porfirin bebas dan porfirin yang terikat dengan logam pada fraksi maltenes dan profirin bebas pada fraksi asphaltenes pada panjang gelombang 390-425 nm untuk porfirin bebas dan 480-700 nm untuk porfrin yang terikat pada logam. Uji kualitatif unsur dilakukan dengan menggunakan EDX ditemukan logam C, Si, S, V, Fe, Ni dan Al pada fraksi maltenes, asphaltenes dan hasil pemisahan kedua fraksi. Hasil analisa LC-MS pada hasil pemisahan maltenes dengan kolom kromatografi menunjukkan adanya senyawa C39H36N4V1O1S dan hasil pemisahan asphaltenes terdapat senyawa meso-tetra 4-carboxyphenyl porphyrin.Kata Kunci : metalporfirin, maltenes, asphaltenes, kromatografi, ekstraksi.

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ABSTRACTThe most abundant and undesireable presence in heavy oil is nickel, iron and vanadium. abundant and undesireable presence in the heavy oil is nickel and vanadium. The existence of these metals can poison the catalyst in catalytic cracking process. Distribution of metal content in crude oil is known by classifying phase asphaltene and maltene using extraction, fraction asphaltenes and maltenes on petroleum was found 61,16 dan 1,004 . The separation of the maltenes fraction is performed using the method of chromatography column by using eluen n heptan ethyl acetate 8,5 1.5 and the method of extraction using methanol. Meanwhile, the separation of asphaltenes is done using soxhlet method and sonikasi using silica gel as a mixture of asphaltenes and uses methanol as the solvent. The results of the maltenes fraction separation and asphaltenes were analyzed using FTIR pyrrol rings showed a wavenumber 800 cm 1, which is the framework for the formation of porphyrins. Meanwhile the results of UV Vis spectrophotometry showed there is a porphyrin and metal porphyrin bound on the fraction of maltenes and asphaltenes in the free fraction of profirin at a wavelength of 390 425 nm free porphyrin and 480 700 nm for porphyrin that are bound to the metal. The qualitative element of the test is carried out using EDX found metal C, Si, S, V, Fe, Ni and Al on the fraction of maltenes and asphaltenes. LC MS analysis of the results on the results by column chromatography separation of the maltenes showed a C39H36N4VOS compounds and separation results of asphaltenes contained compound meso tetra 4 carboxyphenyl porphyrin. Keyword metal porphyrin, maltenes, asphaltenes, chromatography, extraction."

"Basic principles of forensic chemistry is designed to provide a clear and concise understanding of forensic chemistry. The text begins with an introduction to the basic principles of chemistry and expands through organic chemistry into forensic investigation. The detailed chapters focus on both the theoretical and practical aspects of forensic chemistry with emphasis on controlled substance testing and identification. In addition, the text contains a comprehensive collection of information and data on controlled substances commonly encountered in forensic investigation including, detailed structural analysis, physical and physiological effects, functional group reactivity, and results of analytical examination. Also illustrated is arguably the greatest challenge to the forensic chemist. The investigation and processing of clandestine laboratory operations. The Forensic Chemistry Laboratory Manual is included on a CD-ROM and contains a collection of practical exercises designed to support theoretical principles covered in the text. "

"6-Merkaptopurin merupakan obat antineoplastik golongan antimetabolit yang digunakan dalam terapi pengobatan leukemia limfositik akut. 6-Merkaptopurin memiliki indeks terapi sempit sehingga diperlukan pemantauan terapi obat. Pemantauan terapi obat tersebut memerlukan metode analisis yang sensitif, selektif, dan valid untuk menganisis kadar analit dan metabolit dalam plasma manusia. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengoptimasi kondisi analisis dan melakukan validasi metode analisis 6-merkaptopurin dan 6-metilmerkaptopurin dalam plasma. Kondisi optimum kromatografi adalah menggunakan kolom C18 SunfireTM (5μm, 250 x 4,6 mm); suhu 30°C; fase gerak air-metanol-asetonitril pada kondisi elusi gradien; laju alir 1,00 mL/menit; dan dideteksi dengan detektor photodiode array pada panjang gelombang 303 nm. Sebagai baku dalam digunakan 5-fluorourasil. Ekstraksi plasma dilakukan dengan metode ekstraksi cair-cair menggunakan diklormetan sebagai pengekstrak. Hasil validasi metode analisis yang diperoleh valid dan linear pada rentang konsentrasi merkaptopurin 2,0 - 200,0 ng/mL dengan nilai r > 0,9991 dan rentang konsentrasi 6-metilmerkaptopurin 20 - 2000 ng/mL dengan nilai r > 0,9993. Akurasi dan presisi intra-hari dan antar-hari memenuhi persyaratan yaitu nilai koefisien variasi ≤ 20% (LLOQ) dan ≤ 15% (sampel QC). Pada uji stabilitas, 6-merkaptopurin dan 6-metilmerkaptopurin stabil dalam plasma suhu -20°C selama 21 hari. Metode analisis yang diperoleh memenuhi persyaratan EMEA bioanalytical guideline.

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6-Mercaptopurin is antineoplastics drug that included in antimetabolite group used in acute lymphocytics leukemia medication. 6-Merkaptopurin has narrow therapeutic index, so it requires therapeutic drug monitoring. Therapeutic drug monitoring requires sensitive, selective, and valid method to anlyze the level of anlyte and it's metabolite in human plasma. This study aimed to optimize the analytical conditions and do validation for analysis of 6-mercaptopurine and it's one of metabolites (6-methylmercaptopurine) in plasma. Optimal chromatographic condition for analysis was performed using C18 SunfireTM column (5μm, 250 x 4.6 mm); temperature 30°C; the mobile phase contains water-methanol-acetonitril bellow gradient elusion condition; and detected at PDA wavelength of 303 nm. 5-Fluorouracil was used as internal standard. Plasma extraction was done by liquid-liquid extraction method using dichlormethane. The method was valid and linear at concentration range of 2.0 - 200.0 ng/mL with r > 0.9991 for 6-mercaptopurine and 20 - 2000 ng/mL with r > 0.9993 for 6-methylmercaptopurine. Accuracy and precision within-run and between-run fulfill the acceptance criteria, coefficient of variation ≤ 20% (LLOQ) and ≤ 15% (QC samples). 6-Mercaptopurine and 6-methylmercaptopurine was stable in plasma at least for 21 days when stored at -20ºC. This method fulfill the acceptance criteria based on EMEA bioanalytical guideline."

"Introduction to forensic nursing science -- Principles and techniques of forensic science -- Evidence collection in human subjects -- Postmortem science and forensic analyses -- Mechanisms of injury and death -- Violence and interpersonal crimes: role of the forensic nurse --Forensic mental health and correctional issues -- Global and cultural crimes -- Legal and ethical issues in forensic nursing roles -- Credentialing and career planning"