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"he book describes how the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules is related to health and disease. It is suggested that many diseases are initiated and their progress is influenced by inflammatory molecules and a decrease in the production and/or action of anti-inflammatory molecules and this imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules seems to have been initiated in the perinatal period. This implies that strategies to prevent and manage various adult diseases should start in the perinatal period. An alteration in the metaolism of essential fatty acids and their anti-inflammatory molecules such as lipoxins, resolvins, protecitns, maresins and nitrolipids seems to play a major role in the pathobiology of several adult diseases. Based on these concepts, novel therapeutic approaches in the management of insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, cancer, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis and other auto-immune diseases are presented. Based on all these evidences, a unified concept that several adult diseases are due to an alteration in the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules is discussed and novel methods of their management are presented."

"Produksi cengkeh terbesar di Indonesia berasal dari Jawa dan Manado. Perbedaan aroma pada cengkeh yang berbeda asalnya disebabkan oleh konstituen kimia di dalam minyak cengkeh. Namun, penelitian dan publikasi tentang aroma pada cengkeh yang berasal dari Indonesia masih terbatas. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan perbedaan konstituen secara signifikan antara minyak cengkeh Jawa dan minyak cengkeh Manado yang berkontribusi terhadap aroma. Minyak atsiri diisolasi dari sampel bunga cengkeh yang telah dipotong menggunakan metode distilasi uap. Konstituen kimia dari minyak bunga cengkeh dianalisis menggunakan gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS. Konstituen didentifikasi dengan membandingkan waktu retensi berdasarkan referensi Wiley mass spectra library Wiley W9N11. Lima puluh tiga konstituen kimia dari minyak cengkeh Jawa dan empat puluh dua konstituen kimia dari minyak cengkeh Manado diidentifikasi berdasarkan analisis GC-MS. Kelas senyawa yang banyak ditemukan dalam minyak cengkeh diantaranya seskuiterpen, fenil propanoid, seskuiterpen teroksigenasi, dan ester. Terdapat perbedaan presentase komposisi pada senyawa mayor diantara kedua asal cengkeh tersebut. Minyak cengkeh Jawa mengandung eugenol 55,60, eugenil asetat 20.54, kariofilena 14.84, dan ?-humulen 2.75. Sedangkan minyak cengkeh Manado komposisinya adalah eugenol 74.64, kariofilena 12.79, eugenil asetat 8.70, dan ?-humulen 1.53. Selanjutnya, senyawa minor ?-elemen 0.04, ?-kadinen 0.05 dan ledol 0.06 hanya terdapat pada cengkeh Jawa. Sedangkan, konstituen unik pada cengkeh Manado yang tidak ditemukan pada cengkeh Jawa, diantaranya ?-gurjunen 0.04, ?-kadinen 0.03, and humulen oksida 0.05. Sehingga, dapat disimpulkan bahwa minyak cengkeh Jawa dan Manado memiliki senyawa mayor yang sama, namun berbeda dalam presentase komposisinya. Beberapa senyawa minor juga hanya ditemukan pada salah satu daerah saja.

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The largest clove production contributors in Indonesia are mostly coming from Java and Manado. Different flavor among clove origins is caused by chemical constituents in clove oil. Unfortunately, scientific research and publications about flavor in clove from Indonesia rsquo s origin are still limited. The objective of this research is to determine significant differences of constituents in terms of flavor in clove oil Java and Manado. The essential oils were isolated from cut clove bud samples by steam distillation method. The chemical constituents of clove bud oil were analyzed by using gas chromatography mass spectrometry GC MS. Constituents were then identified by comparing the results of the chromatogram and reference retention time using Wiley mass spectra library Wiley W9N11. Fifty three and fourty two chemical constituents were identified based on GC MS from clove oil collected from Java and Manado, respectively. Major classes of compounds are sesquiterpenes, phenyl propanoid, oxygenated sesquiterpen, and esters. Different compositions in major constituents were found between both origins. Clove Java contained eugenol 55.60, eugenyl acetate 20.54, caryophyllene 14.84, and humulene 2.75. While, in clove Manado the composition were eugenol 74.64, caryophyllene 12.79, eugenyl acetate 8.70, and humulene 1.53. Moreover, minor constituents elemene 0.04, cadinene 0.05 and ledol 0.06 were existed only in clove Java, while clove Manado had some unique minor constituents which were not found in clove Java, i.e. gurjunene 0.04, cadinene 0.03, and humulene oxide 0.05. In conclusion, both clove oils from Java and Manado contained same major chemical constituents but different in their composition. In addition, some minor constituents were existed only in specific origin."

"Fosfatase asam merupakan enzim yang dapat digunakan untuk teknik ELISA - untuk mengukur kadar suatu zat dalam cairan tubuh yang jumlahnya sangat kecil. Salah satu sumber enzim tersebut adalah air kelapa (Cocos nucifera Linn). Penelitian yang dilakukan oleh Sadavisan (1951), Wilson et al. (1952), Anna Istiqomah (1994) dan Emilia Aisjah (1996) menunjukkan adanya aktivitas enzim fosfatase dalam daging buah dan air kelapa.Penelitian ini adalah mengisolasi dan pemurnian enzim fosfatase asam dari air kelapa. Untuk pemurnian enzim digunakan kromatografi gel dengan Sephadex G-75 dan kromatografi afinitas dengan Gel immobilized p-aminobenzyl phosphonic acid sepharose. Kemurnian enzim diperiksa dengan elektroforesis gel poliakrilamid. Aktivitas enzim secara kuantitatif ditentukan dengan spektrofotometer, dan secara kualitatif dapat dilihat dengan pewarnaan substrat. Kadar protein diukur dengan spektrofotometer pada panjang gelombang 280 nm.Hasil.penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam air kelapa terdapat enzim fosfatase asam yang ditunjukan oleh satu pita pada elektroforesis gel poliakrilamid.

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Isolation And Purification Of Acid Phosphatase From Coconut Water (Cocos nucifera Linn)Acid phosphatase was detected in coconut. More than fourty years ago, early investigators found this enzyme solely in coconut milk. It is not until recently that the enzyme was also found in coconut water. Recent studies also reported some characteristics of the enzyme from both sources.The purpose of this study is to isolate and to purity acid phosphatase from coconut water. Firstly, the enzyme was precipitated with etanol. After the dialysis in a cellophane bag, the precipitate was redissolved in 0,9% NaCl. The enzyme was separated with Sephadex 0-75, using 0,9% NaCl as eluent. Fractions of 5 mL were collected and each was analysed for the protein contents and for acid phosphatase activities. The fractions of high enzymes activity were pooled and purified, using an affinity chromatography technique with benzoyl phosphonic acid, a competitive inhibition, as a stationary immobilized ligand. Retained enzymes were eluted with 0,2 M NaHHPO4 and fractions of 2 mL were collected.During the study, protein contents were measured with A 280 technique and enzymes activities were assayed with p-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-NPP) as a substrate. In both steps, the purity of the pooled fractions were analysed with a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, stained with Coomassie Blue as well as p-NPP-ammonium sulfide, lead acetat for revealing the enzyme.It is found that acid phosphatase could be isolated and purified, as indicated by increasing specific activity and by PAGE analysis, from coconut water, by gel filtration and affinity chromatography technique."

"Senyawa kimia yang terkandung dalam daun pacar cina (Aglaia odorata L) diekstraksi dengan n-heksana. Senyawa tersebut dipisahkan dan diisolasi dengan cara kromatografi (KK,KCKT). Struktur dari senyawanya ditentukan dengan menggunakan data spektroskopi (IR,MS,1H-NMR, 13C-NMR), sedangkan aktivitas biologi dari senyawa-senyawa tersebut di test terhadap ikan guppy (Lebistes reticulates) dan larva nyamuk (Culex quinquefasciatus).Isolasi dan pemurnian memberikan hasil senyawa A dan B, didasarkan atas data spektroskopi. senyawa a adalah suatu flavonoid dan di identifikasi sebagai Naringenin -7.3'.4'-trimetil eter, senyawa B adalah suatu triterpenoid dan di identifikasi sebagai 24,25-dihidroksi dammaran -20-en-3-one.Pengujian aktivitas biologi ekstrak n-heksana menunjukkan kemampuan toksik terhadap ikan guppymaupun larva nyamuk., Senyawa B (24,25-dihidroksi dammaran-20-en-3-on) menunjukkan efek toksik terhadap ikan guppy dengan LC-50 : 93 ppm.

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Structural Determination And Biological Activity Of Pacar Cina Leaves ( Aglaia Odorata Lour)Chemical constituents contained in Pacar cina leaves (Aglaia odorata Lour) were extracted by 'n-hexana. The compounds were separated and isolated with chromatography (CC, HPLC). the structure of the compounds were established using spectroscopy data (IR,MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, while biological activities of the compouds were adminestered to guppy fish (Lebistes reticulatus), mosquitus larva (Culex quinquefasciatus).

The isolated and purified compounds give rise compound A and B, based on spectroscophy data compund A is a flavonoid and identified, as Naringenin 7,3',4'-trimetil eter, compound B is a tritepenoid and identified as 24,25-dihidroxidammaran-2-en-3-one.

The biological activity to guppy fish, mosquitus larva as well. the compound B showed toxic activity on guppy fish (LC-50 : 93 ppm)."