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"Since the emergence of Western philosophy and science among the Classical Greeks, debates have raged over the relative significance of biology and culture on an individuals behavior. Today, recent advances in genetics and biological science have pushed many scholars past the tired nature versus nurture debate to examine the various ways in which the natural and the social interact to influence human behavior. This brings a fresh approach to this emerging perspective. Rather than try to solve these issues universally, the text demonstrates that both social and biological mechanisms have varying degrees of influence in different situations. Through case studies of human universals such as incest aversion, fear, appetite, grief, and sex, the book first discusses the extreme instances in which biology determines behavior, in which culture dominates, and in which culture overrides basic biological instincts. It then details the variety of ways in which genes and environments interact-for instance, the primal drive to eat and store calories when food supplies were scarce and behavioral patterns in a society in which food is abundant and obesity is stigmatized. Now that it is often easier to change our biology rather than our culture, an understanding of which behaviors and traits are simply normal or abnormal, and which are pathological or necessitate treatment, is more important than ever."

"Written by James R. Flynn of the "Flynn effect" (the sustained and substantial increase in intelligence test scores across the world over many decades), Intelligence and Human Progress examines genes and human achievement in all aspects, including what genes allow and forbid in terms of personal life history, the cognitive progress of humanity, the moral progress of humanity, and the cross-fertilization of the two.This book presents a new method for weighing family influences versus genes in the cognitive abilities of individuals, and counters the arguments of those who dismiss gains in IQ as true cognitive gains. It ranges over topics including: how family can handicap those taking the SAT, new IQ thresholds for occupations that show elite occupations are within reach of the average American, what Pol Pot did to the genetic potential of Cambodia, why dysgenics (the deterioration of human genes over the generations) is important, but no menace for the foreseeable future, and what might derail human intellectual progress."

"In recent years, cancer stem cells have been recognized as important component in carcinogenesis and they seem to form the basis of many (if not all) tumor types. Cancer stem cells or "cancer cell like stem cells" have been isolated from various cancers of different origin (blood, breast, brain, skin, head and neck, thyroid, cervix, lung, retina, colon, pancreas and so on). Cancer stem cells - rare cells with indefinite proliferative potential that drive the formation and growth of tumours- seem to show intriguing relationships with physiological stem cells. Specifically, these cancer cells show significant similarities in the mechanisms that regulate self-renewal of normal stem cells. Moreover, tumour cells might directly arise from normal stem cells. Further, the cellular biology of cancer stem cells show a lot of similarities with normal stem cells."

"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian mengenai perilaku sosial dan reproduksi bekantan Nasalis larvatus (van Wurmb, 1787) di Taman Safari Bogor. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi interaksi sosial antara bekantan jantan dengan betina dan antarindividu bekantan betina, serta mengevaluasi perilaku reproduksi pada jantan dan betina. Metode pengamatan yang digunakan yaitu scan sampling dan ad libitum sampling dengan interval waktu 15 (lima belas) menit tanpa jeda. Waktu pengamatan dalam satu hari yaitu selama 6 jam dan dilaksanakan selama empat pekan pada bulan November 2019. Subjek yang diamati dalam penelitian yaitu satu individu bekantan jantan dewasa berusia 20 tahun (J) dan dua individu bekantan betina dewasa berusia 14 tahun (B1) dan 11 tahun (B2) yang ditempatkan bersama di dalam kandang kaca. Perilaku sosial yang terjadi di antara individu bekantan menunjukkan tingginya perilaku afiliatif (rerata 99,28%) dan rendahnya perilaku agresi (rerata 0,72%). Perilaku reproduksi dilakukan oleh kedua pasangan bekantan jantan dan betina dengan total perilaku reproduksi antara J dengan B1 lebih tinggi (37 interaksi) dibanding antara J dengan B2 (5 interaksi). Berdasarkan uji t yang dilakukan dengan nilai α = 0,05, total perilaku reproduksi kedua pasangan berbeda secara signifikan dengan nilai P < 0,05. Kedua pasangan bekantan memiliki total tiga individu anak sehingga pengamatan terhadap perilaku pengasuhan dan interaksi antarindividu anak bekantan juga dilakukan secara ad libitum. Kedua individu betina melakukan perilaku pengasuhan menggendong, menyusui, social grooming, kontak tubuh, bermain, dan allomothering. Peran induk jantan dalam pengasuhan yaitu membangun kedekatan dengan kedua induk betina dan melakukan perilaku melindungi anggota kelompok. Interaksi yang dilakukan antarindividu anak bekantan yaitu kontak tubuh, bermain, dan social grooming.

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ABSTRACT

The research on social and reproductive behaviours of proboscis monkey Nasalis larvatus (van Wurmb, 1787) at Taman Safari Bogor has been done. The purposes of the research are to evaluate social interactions between male and female proboscis monkeys, and between the females, and to evaluate reproductive behaviours in males and females. Observation methods used were scan sampling and ad libitum sampling with fifteen minutes intervals without pause. The observation time was 6 hours per day and was done for four weeks in November 2019. Subjects observed in the study were one adult male aged 20 years (J) and two adult females aged 14 years (B1) and 11 years (B2) in a glass cage. Social behaviours indicates high affiliative behaviours (average 99,28%) and low aggressive behaviours (average 0,72%). Reproductive behaviours carried out by both pairs and the higher number of reproductive behaviours happened between J and B1 (37 interactions) than J and B2 (5 interactions). Based on the t-test, the number of reproductive behaviours of the pairs significantly different with the value of P < 0,05. Both pairs of proboscis monkeys have total three children, so observations of parenting behaviours (parental care) and interactions between the child also carried out with ad libitum method. Both adult females carried out parenting behaviours consist of carrying, breastfeeding, social grooming, body contact, social playing, and allomothering. The male established closeness with both females and performed protective behaviours for the group members as his contribution to parenting behaviours. The interactions carried out between the children were body contact, social playing, and social grooming."