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"ABSTRAKTelah dilakukan penelitian mengenai pemanfaatan teknik adaptasi danimobilisasi sel khamir Candida tropicalis InaCC Y799 pada fermentasi xilitol darihidrolisat hemiselulosa daun tebu (Saccharum officinarum L.). Praperlakuan dauntebu dilakukan menggunakan 1,8% asam maleat dan iradiasi gelombang mikropada suhu 180 C selama 5 menit. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mempelajarikemampuan khamir untuk tumbuh dan beradaptasi pada hidrolisat hemiselulosasebelum fermentasi, dan meneliti potensi penggunaan matriks kalsium alginatuntuk imobilisasi sel khamir, serta pengaruhnya dalam peningkatan produksixilitol dari hidrolisat hemiselulosa daun tebu. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa khamirC. tropicalis InaCC Y799 teradaptasi mampu tumbuh pada media hidrolisathemiselulosa daun tebu. Adaptasi khamir pada 75% hidrolisat menghasilkankonsentrasi dan rendemen xilitol maksimum masing-masing sebesar 11,27 1,65g/L dan 0,56 0,05 g/g (54,98% dari nilai rendemen teoritis) selama 24 jamfermentasi, lebih tinggi daripada khamir tidak teradaptasi (kontrol). Namundemikian, imobilisasi C. tropicalis pada kalsium alginat hanya menghasilkankonsentrasi dan rendemen xilitol maksimum masing-masing sebesar 5,51 0,63g/L dan 0,27 0,04 g xilitol/g xilosa awal (29,97% dari rendemen teroritis)selama 48 jam fermentasi. Konsentrasi dan rendemen xilitol pada sistem selterimobilisasi setengah kali lebih rendah daripada sel bebas (kontrol).

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ABSTRACTResearch on adaptation and immobilization method of Candida tropicalisInaCC Y799 in xylitol production from sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)waste hemicellulosic hydrolysate has been conducted. Sugarcane waste werepretreated with 1,8% of maleic acid and microwave at 180 C for 5 minutes. Theaim of this research were to study the effects of yeast adaptation using sugarcanewaste hydrolysate and the potential of using calcium alginate as immobilizationmatrix of yeast C. tropicalis InaCC Y799 in the xylitol production duringfermentation. The results revealed that fermentation using adapted yeast in 75%concentration of hydrolysate produce higher xylitol concentration and yield thanthose with non adapted yeast. The highest xylitol concentration and yield obtainedusing adapted yeast were 11.27 1.65 g/L and 0.56 0.05 g xylitol /g initialxylose (54.98% of theoretical yield) for 24-hours fermentation. However, thehighest xylitol yield obtained by immobilization method were 5.51 0.63 g/L and0.27 0.04 g xilitol/g initial xylose (29.97% of theoretical yield) for 48-hoursfermentation, which were lower than free cells system."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian pada Macaca nigra di penangkaran. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui strategi adaptasi yaki yang hidup di Pusat Primata Schmutzer, Taman Margasatwa Ragunan, Jakarta melalui pengamatan perilaku makan. Penelitian pada empat individu yaki (1 jantan dan 3 betina) dilakukan selama bulan April 2013--Mei 2013 menggunakan metode scan animal sampling dan ad libitum sampling. Jumlah jam pengamatan setiap hari adalah 4 jam sehingga total pengamatan selama 20 hari adalah 80 jam. Jumlah titik sampel per harinya berjumlah 48 sampel sehingga total titik sampel selama 20 hari adalah 960 titik sampel. Tabulasi data disajikan dalam bentuk tabel dan grafik serta dianalisis secara deskriptif. Rerata aktivitas makan harian masing-masing individu menunjukkan bahwa Jenny (betina dewasa usia 8 tahun) merupakan individu dengan rerata aktivitas makan tertinggi (60.32 ± 0.08%), diikuti dengan Nonik (betina dewasa usia 14 tahun) (58.06 ± 0.11%), Rani (betina muda usia 2 tahun) (55.05 ± 0.08%), dan Ramos (jantan dewasa usia 13 tahun) (45.27 ± 0.07%). Perbedaan frekuensi aktivitas makan antara kelompok yaki di penangkaran dengan kelompok yaki di alam menunjukkan adanya strategi adaptasi tersendiri pada kelompok yaki tersebut terhadap habitatnya.

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It has been done research on Macaca nigra in captivity. A study on adaptation strategies of yaki whose living in Schmutzer Primate Center, Ragunan Zoo, Jakarta through observation of feeding behavior. Research on four individuals yaki (1 male and 3 females) have been done during April 2013--May 2013 using the scan animal sampling and ad libitum sampling methods. The number of hours of observation each day is 4 hours so the total observation period of 20 days is 80 hours. Tabulation of the data presented in tables and graphs and analyzed descriptively. The mean of daily feeding activity of each individual showed that Jenny (8 years old adult female) is an individual with the highest mean feeding activity (60.32 ± 0.08%) followed by Nonik (14 years old adult female) (58.06 ± 0.11%), Rani (2 years old young female) (55.05 ± 0.08%), and Ramos (13 years old adult male) (45.27 ± 0.07%). The difference of feeding behaviour frequencies between yaki group in captivity and nature shows distinct adaptation strategy toward their habitat."

"The book describes the general stress responses in microorganisms, plants, and animals to abiotic and biotic, to natural and anthropogenic stressors. These stress responses include the activation of oxygen, the biotransformation system, the stress proteins, and the metal-binding proteins. The potential of stress response lies in the transcription of genes, whereas the actual response is manifested by proteins and metabolites. Yet, not all stress responses are in the genes : micro-RNAs and epigenetics play central roles. Multiple stressors, such as environmental realism, do not always act additively, they may even diminish one another. Furthermore, one stressor often prepares the subject for the next one to come and may produce extended lifespans and increased offspring numbers, thus causing shifts in population structures. This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of the ecological and evolutionary effects of stress."