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"Senyawa ester asam lemak merupakan bahan kimia yang banyak dikembangkan saat ini, diantaranya digunakan pada produk-produk kosmetika dan pangan. Di Indonesia banyak penghasil asam sitrat dan asam palmitat yang memungkinkan untuk pembuatan senyawa ester asam palmitat dan asam sitrat lainnya. Oleh karena itu, percobaan sintesis ester asam 2-heksadekanoiloksipropana-1,2,3-trikarboksilat melalui proses esterifikasi asam sitrat dan asam palmitat, yang diprediksi memiliki potensi sebagai emulgator perlu dilakukan. Asam 2-heksadekanoiloksipropana-1,2,3-trikarboksilat disintesis melalui tiga tahap reaksi. Tahap pertama mereaksikan asam sitrat dengan anhidrida asetat dalam suasana asam menghasilkan asetilsitrat. Tahap kedua mereaksikan asam palmitat dalam benzen dengan metanol menggunakan katalis asam sulfat pekat menghasilkan metil palmitat. Tahap ketiga interesterifikasi antara asetilsitrat dan metil palmitat dengan katalis natrium metoksida menghasilkan asam 2-heksadekanoiloksipropana-1,2,3-trikarboksilat dengan rendemen 72,07%. Metode analisis senyawa ester menggunakan kromatografi gas kolom VB-wax (60 m x 0,32 mm), suhu kolom terprogram 170-190ºC, kenaikkan 2ºC /menit, dan dipertahankan selama 30 menit. Pada kondisi analisis diperoleh waktu retensi asam 2-heksadekanoiloksipropana-1,2,3-trikarboksilat 39,894 menit dengan kadar 72,07%. Karakterisasi dari asam 2-heksadekanoiloksipropana-1,2,3-trikarboksilat memiliki bilangan asam sebesar 395,38 dan nilai HLB 7,625.

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Fatty acid esters compound were chemical subtance that were more developed now, that were used at food and cosmetic products. In Indonesia, many of citric acid and palmitic acid producer that possible to make another citric acid and palmitic acid esters compound. For that reason, experiment to synthesize ester of 2-hexadecanoyloxypropana-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid was might be synthesis by esterification of palmitic acid with citric acid, that was predicted has potency as emulsifier become necessary. 2-Hexadecanoyloxypropana-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid compound was synthesized over three steps of reaction.

First step was reacted citric acid with acetic anhydride in acidic environment yielded acetylcitrate. Second step was reacted palmitic acid in benzene with methanol catalyzed by sulfuric acid yielded methyl palmitate. Third step was interesterification of acetylcitrate with methyl palmitate catalyzed by sodium methoxide yielded 2-hexadecanoyloxypropana-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with rendement over 72.07%.

Method of analysis ester components was performed using gas chromatography with VB-Wax column (60 m x 0.32 mm), column temperature was programmed at 170ºC-190ºC, increased by 2ºC/minute, and held for 30 minutes. In analysis conditions was yielded retention time of 2-hexadecanoyloxypropana-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid 39.894 minutes with levels 72.07%. Characterization of 2-hexadecanoyloxypropana-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid has acid value 395.38 and Hydrophilic Lipophylic Balance (HLB) value 7.625."

"Metamfetamin merupakan stimulan yang diproduksi secara sintesis dantermasuk salah satu jenis narkotika yang sering disalahgunakan serta diedarkansecara ilegal di Indonesia. Investigasi kasus peredaran ilegalnya di Indonesiaselama ini belum didukung pengotor dan karakteristik/profil metamfetamintersebut. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis pengotor dan membuatkarakterisasi/profil serta mengetahui rute sintesis metamfetamin yang beredarilegal. Penelitian dilakukan pada 20 sampel metamfetamin sitaan penyidik tahun2011-2012 dengan menggunakan instrumen kromatografi gas spektroskopi massa,kromatografi gas ionisasi nyala dan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi. Ekstraksisampel dilakukan dengan dua cara yaitu ekstraksi dengan dapar fosfat pH 10,5dan etil asetat, dan ekstraksi langsung dengan etil asetat. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan adanya pengotor berupa 1-fenil-2-propanon, (pseudo)efedrin, Nformilmetametamin,N-asetilmetamfetamin, 1-fenil-2-propanol, naftalen, aziridin,dan oksazolidin. Kiralitas sampel menunjukkan adanya metamfetamin yangberbentuk rasemat, levo dan dekstro. Berdasarkan data penelitian di atas dapatdisimpulkan 3 rute sintesis yang digunakan yaitu : reduksi aminasi, Emde danNagai. Sebaran kemurnian sampel metamfetamin berkisar antara 10% hingga71%.

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AbstractMethamphetamine is a stimulant that is produced in the synthesis andinclude any type of drug that is often missused and illegally circulated inIndonesia. Investigation of cases of illegal circulatian in Indonesia so far has notbeen supported by impurities and characteristics/profile of methamphetamine. Thestudy was conducted to analyze impurities and make the characterization/profileand find out an out standing synthesis route of illegal methamphetamine. Thestudy was conducted on 20 samples of seized methamphetamine investigation in2011-2012 by using gas chromatography mass spectroscopy, gas chromatographyflame ionization detector, and high performance liquid chromatography.Extraction of samples done in two ways: extraction with phosphate buffer pH 10.5and ethyl acetate, and direct extraction with ethyl acetate. The results indicate thepresence of impurities in the form of 1-phenyl-2-propanone, (pseudo)ephedrine,N-formylmethamphetamine, N-acetylmethamphetamine, 1-phenyl-2-propanol,naphthalene, aziridine, and oxazolidine. Chirality of the sample indicate thepresence of racemic, levo and dextro. Based on research data can be concludedthat the synthesis of 3 routes used are: reductive amination, Emde and Nagai."

"Makanan yang difermentasikan merupakan unsur utama yang digunakan sebagai menu makanan sehari-hari penduduk di semua bagian dunia, karena cara membuatnya mudah, praktis, murah dan aman. Makanan fermentasi yang mengandung alkohol seperti tape ketan, tape singkong maupun brem, ternyata proses pembuatannya pun relatif mudah yaitu dengan ragi. Pada saat peragian, terjadi perubahan bentuk dari pati menjadi glukosa yang pada akhirnya menghasilkan alkohol. Pada penelitian ini, alkohol pada beberapa makanan fermentasi ditetapkan kadarnya secara kromatografi gas. Kondisi terpilih pada penetapan kadar alkohol dalam berbagai makanan fermentasi dengan kromatografi gas adalah pada tekanan gas pembawa 40 kPa, temperatur kolom 30ºC, temperatur tempat penyuntikan 100ºC serta temperatur detektor 100ºC. Baku dalam yang digunakan adalah n-propanol. Kadar alkohol yang diperoleh pada berbagai makanan fermentasi yaitu tape A sebesar 4,9459 ± 0,0301%, tape B sebesar 4,6449 ± 0,0413%, tape ketan A sebesar 5,5581 ± 0,0508%, tape ketan B sebesar 5,5185 ± 0,0391%, brem A sebesar 4,0439 ± 0,0076% dan brem B sebesar 4,209 ± 0,0233%.

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The foods fermented were the main substance that usefull for daily meal in people all of the world, because how to make them were easy, practis, cheap and save. The fermentation food that containing alcohol such as tape ketan, tape singkong and brem, obviously the process was very easy by used yeast. While in fermentation, the form become changed from starch to glucose that finally produced alcohol. By using gas chromatography method we can determination the quantity of alcohol in food fermentation. The condition choosed for quantitative determination of alcohol in several fermentation food by gas chromatography were pressure of carrier gas at 40 kPa, and temperature of column, injector, detector were 30ºC, 100ºC and 100ºC respectively. n-propanol was used as internal standard. The content of alcohol in these food fermentation were : tape A has 4,9459 ± 0,0301%, tape B has 4,6449 ± 0,0413%, tape ketan A has 5,5581 ± 0,0508%, tape ketan B has 5,5185 ± 0,0391%, brem A has 4,0439 ± 0,0076% and brem B has 4,209 ± 0,0233%."