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"There are two different kinds of price determination mechanism, a fixed price and a flexible price...."

"This paper presents a lip and smile detection method based-on the normalized RGB chromaticity diagram. The method employs the popular Viola-Jones detection method to detect the face. To avoid the false positive, the eye detector is introduced in the detection stage. Only the face candidates with the detected eyes are considered as the face. Once the face is detected, the lip region is localized using the simple geometric rule. Further, the the red color thresholding based-on the normalized RGB chromaticity diagram is proposed to extract the lip. The projection technique is employed for detecting the smile state. From the experiment results, the proposed method achieves the lip detection rate of 97% and the smile detection rate of 94%.Paper ini menyajikan medote pendeteksi bibir dan senyum berdasarkan diagram tingkat kromatis RGB ternormalisasi. Metode ini menggunakan metode Viola-Jones yang populer untuk mendeteksi wajah. Untuk menghindari kesalahan positif, detektor mata diperkenalkan pada tahapan deteksi. Hanya kandidat wajah dengan mata yang telah terdeteksi yang dianggap sebagai wajah. Setelah wajah dideteksi, bagian bibir ditempatkan dengan menggunakan aturan geometris sederhana. Selanjutnya, batasan warna merah berdasarkan pada diagram kromatisitas RGB ternormalisasi digunakan untuk mengekstrak bibir. Teknik proyeksi digunakan untuk mendeteksi keadaan tersenyum. Dari hasil percobaan, metode yang diusulkan mencapai 97% untuk tingkat deteksi bibir dan 94% untuk tingkat deteksi senyum."

"The aim of this article was to develop an interval type-2 fuzzy permutation method for addressing multiple criteria decision-making problems under incomplete preference information. Furthermore, this article present an experimental analysis to examine the implementation efficiency and the applicable scope of the proposed method. Interval type-2 fuzzy sets are more capable than ordinary fuzzy sets of handling imprecision and imperfect information in real-world applications. This article used interval type-2 fuzzy sets to capture imprecise or uncertain decision information in fields that require multiple criteria decision analysis. Based on pairwise criterion comparisons of the alternatives using a signed distance-based approach, this article presents a concordance-discordance analysis and propose an integrated programing model in the interval type-2 fuzzy permutation method. Finally, computational experiments with enormous amounts of simulation data are designed to examine the influence of numbers of alternatives and criteria on the implementation efficiency and the applicable scope of the proposed method. "

"Single mode directional couplers are key components in many optical communicationand sensor applications,including optical power spliting ,optical filtering, optical reflecting, wavelength multiplexing/delmutiplexing and optical polarisation splitting

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"Background: The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in the world is quite high, especially in developing countries. Usually the patient shows no specific symptoms and chronic gastritis therefore becomes chronically infected The complication of the injéction is the development of peptic ulcer; which is a predisposing factor for gastric carcinoma. Early diagnosis is an important step to avoid these complications by providing immediate accurate therapy. Methods: In this study the CLO, MIU (Motility Indole Urease) tests and culture were conducted on 131 biopsy samples of the stomach antrum mucous tissue taken from chronic dyspepsia patients from several hospitals in Jakarta. In the CLO test, biopsy tissue was put in a small well agar to be incubated at room temperature. In the MIU test the biopsy tissue sample was submerged in the small MlU tube agar with a depth of approximately 2/3 rds from the surface, and then incubated at room temperature. Another piece of biopsy tissue was cultured micro-aerophylicalty The CLO and MlU tests are considered positive if the color changes from yellow to red and are considered negative if there is no color change within 24 hours. Results: Compared to culture, the CLO test demonstrated 38% sensitivity; 96% specificity, 94% positive predictive value and 52% negative predictive value, whereas the results of the MIU test against culture method showed 76% sensitivity 89% specificity 88% positive predictive value, and 78% negative predictive value. Conclusion: The MIU test that showed high sensitivity and specyficity and thus could be further developed as an alternative diagnostic method for H. pylori infection."