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"In this book, some of the most qualified scientists review different food safety topics, ranging from emerging and reemerging foodborne pathogens, food regulations in the USA, food risk analysis and the most important foodborne pathogens based on food commodities. This book provides the reader with the necessary knowledge to understand some of the complexities of food safety. "

"ABSTRAKKualitas udara mikrobiologi dalam ruangan di rumah sakit perlu diperhatikan terutama pada ruang poliklinik karena di ruang tersebut banyak pengunjung berkumpul dalam waktu yang bersamaan. Dengan demikian, peluang tersebarnya penyakit melalui udara oleh bakteri dan jamur patogen juga tinggi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui konsentrasi bakteri dan jamur di udara pada ruangan di poliklinik, perbedaan konsentrasi bakteri dan jamur antar ruang poliklinik pada hari padat dan sepi pengunjung dan jenis bakteri berdasarkan pewarnaan gram. Sampel kualitas udara mikrobilogis diambil dengan menggunakan EMS E6 dengan menggunakan media TSA (Oxoid, 2011) untuk bakteri dan media MEA (Oxoid, 2011) untuk jamur dan dilakukan secara duplo. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada ruang poliklinik yang berbeda dan waktu yang berbeda dimana hari senin mewakili hari sepi dan sabtu mewakili hari padat pasien/pengunjung. Hasil sampling bakteri dan jamur diuji secara statistik dengan menggunakan statistik nonparametriks Pearson product moment dan two-tailed t-test. Hasil pengukuran sampel menunjukkan konsentrasi bakteri dan jamur telah melebihi baku mutu mengacu pada Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI No. 1204 Tahun 2004 yaitu rata-rata 2.545 ± 9,11 CFU/m3 untuk bakteri dan 306 ± 2,91 CFU/m3 untuk jamur. Konsentrasi bakteri dan jamur paling tinggi terdapat pada ruang Poliklink Umum. Uji statistik Pearson product moment menunjukkan jumlah pengunjung memiliki korelasi yang rendah (r = 0,29) dengan konsentrasi bakteri dan memiliki korelasi sedang (r = 0,45) dengan konsentrasi jamur. Selanjutnya, uji statistik two-tailed t-test menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan signifikan antara jumlah pengunjung dengan konsentrasi mikrobiologi di udara. Identifikasi bakteri dengan pewarnaan gram menunjukkan bahwa 84,2% bakteri yang ditemukan merupakan bakteri gram negatif dan 15,2% gram positif. Bakteri gram negatif berpotensi lebih besar dalam menginfeksi manusia karena memiliki endotoksin. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan pemasangan filter HEPA atau ULPA pada sistem ventilasi (AC) untuk menurunkan konsentrasi bakteri dan perbaikan sistem ventilasi agar kelembaban ruangan terjaga antara 30-60% dan suhu ruangan dibawah 25oC sehingga dapat menurunkan konsentrasi jamur.

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ABSTRACTMicrobial indoor air quality in hospital has to be considered, especially in the examining and waiting room because many people gathered at the same time. Hence, chances for spreading airborne disease by pathogenic bacteria and fungi are high. The objectives of this study are to find out indoor air bacteria and fungi concentrations at the examining room, the difference of bacteria and fungi concentrations during high and low numbers of visitors, and types of bacteria based on gram staining. Microbial air samples were taken in Duplo by using EMS E6 with TSA (Oxoid, 2011) and MEA (Oxoid, 2011) media for bacteria and fungi, respectively. Samplings were conducted on different examining rooms and days, which Monday and Saturday represented as low and high numbers of visitors, respectively. The sampling results tested statistically by using non-parametric statistical method, Pearson product moment and two-tailed t test. The measurement results showed that indoor air bacteria and fungi concentrations have exceeded the quality standards by Menteri Kesehatan RI No. 1204 in 2004, with the average are 2.545 ± 9.11 CFU/m3 and 306 ± 2.91 CFU/m3 for bacteria and fungi, respectively. The highest concentration of bacteria and fungi is found in examining room for children and general, respectively. Pearson product moment test showed a low correlation (r=0.29) between number of visitors and indoor air bacteria concentration and moderate correlation (r=0.45) between number of visitors and indoor air fungi concentrations. Furthermore, two-tailed t-test results showed that there was no significant relationship between number of visitor and indoor air microbial concentrations. Identification of bacteria with gram staining showed that 84.2% of bacteria found are gram-negative and 15.8% are gram-positive bacteria. The gram-negative bacteria are having greater possibly infected human than gram-positive bacteria because it has endotoxin. Therefore, it is necessary to install HEPA or ULPA filters on ventilation system (air conditioned) and maintain relative humidity between 30-60% and temperature below 25oC in the hospital to reduce indoor air bacteria and fungi concentrations"

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ABSTRACTOral bacteria are the first human microbiome to encounter the food we eat. To date, most research has focused on the role of oral bacteria in the development and progression of caries and periodontal disease; however, little is known about the microbial communities that maintain a healthy oral cavity. This book, Oral Microbial Communities: Genomic Inquiry and Interspecies Communication, helps readers understand how multispecies microbial communities function to maintain and promote oral health as well as disease. It explores the immense opportunities presented by readily accessible, genetically tractable, genome-sequenced oral species that naturally form multispecies communities. Emphasizing the use of genomic inquiry to probe questions, Oral Microbial Communities examines multispecies community interactions, spatiotemporal organization, and gene function. Readers will find coverage of all the major microbe species currently under investigation by leading oral microbiologists. In particular, the book highlights model systems that study oral bacterial interactions, including biofilm growth using saliva as the source of nutrition."