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"Synopsis"As a communicator and researcher engaged forensic DNA analyses, John Butler is at the pinnacle of his profession. As with the previous two volumes in this series, Butler leaves no stone unturned in the clarity of his A to Y coverage of forensic DNA interpretation. This book is bound to find its way onto the fingertips of practitioners, attorneys, and students."--Richard Saferstein, Ph.D., Chief Forensic Scientist (Retired) ".It is an excellent companion to his prior book on methodology, providing important information on interpretation of results. The book should prove valuable to all people involved in processing and interpreting results used in forensic genetics and criminal investigation."-- Bruce McCord, Ph.D., Professor, Florida International University "Advanced Topics in DNA Typing/Interpretation is Dr. John Butler's best book yet in his critically acclaimed series of DNA text books..."-- Stephen Patrick Hogan Adjunct Associate Professor of Biological Science and Criminal Justice, State University of New York at Albany Read less"

"Latar belakang: Resistensi klopidogrel merupakan salah satu faktor risiko penting terjadinya kejadian iskemik berulang pada pasien yang telah mendapat terapi anti platelet yang optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran metilasi DNA gen CYP2C19 sebagai salah satu faktor epigenetik terhadap kejadian resistensi klopidogrel pada pasien infark miokard akut dengan elevasi segmen ST (IMA-EST) yang menjalani intervensi koroner perkutan primer (IKPP).Metode: Pasien IMA-EST yang menjalani IKPP diberikan antiplatelet klopidogrel dan menjalani pemeriksaan fungsi platelet degan VerifyNowTM. Kriteria untuk mendefinisikan resistensi klopidogrel adalah nilai PRU >208. Pemeriksaan metilasi DNA gen CYP2C19 dilakukan dengan metode bisulfite genomic sequencing technology. Data klinis, laboratorium, dan angiografik termasuk TIMI flow dikumpulkan untuk dilakukan analisis.Hasil: Dari 122 subjek, resistensi klopidogrel ditemukan pada 22% subjek. Kelompok dengan presentase metilasi DNA <50% mempunyai risiko lebih tinggi terjadinya resistensi klopidogrel (OR 4.5 IK95% 2.1-9.3, nilai p 0.018). Grup ini juga diketahui mempunyai TIMI flow post-IKPP yang suboptimal (OR 3.4 IK95% 1.3 - 8.7, nilai p 0.045).Kesimpulan: Hipometilasi DNA gen CYP2C19 meningkatkan risiko terjadinya resistensi klopidogrel dan luaran klinis yang lebih buruk.

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Background: Clopidogrel resistance is an important risk factor of recurrence of ischemic event after optimal antiplatelet therapy. We aimed to investigate the role of DNA methylation of CYP2C19 gene as one of epigenetic factor to the risk of clopidogrel resistance in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI).

Methods: STEMI patients undergoing PPCI were pretreated with clopidogrel, and their platelet function was measured using VerifyNowTM assay. The criteria for high on- treatment platelet reactivity (HPR) was defined according to the expert consensus criteria (PRU >208). DNA methylation of the CYP2C19 gene was performed using bisulfite genomic sequencing technology. Furthermore, clinical, laboratory and angiographic data including TIMI flow were collected.

Result: Among 122 patients, clopidogrel resistance was found in 22% patients. After dividing into two groups, methylation <50% was associated with increased risk of clopidogrel resistance (OR 4.5 95%CI 2.1-9.3, P value 0.018). This group also found to have suboptimal post-PCI TIMI flow (OR 3.4 95%CI 1.3 - 8.7, P value 0.045).

Conclusions: The lower DNA methylation level of the CYP2C19 gene increases the risk of clopidogrel resistance and subsequent poorer clinical outcome."

"Sinamaldehid merupakan senyawa kimia yang banyak digunakan dalam bidang industri dan mudah ditemukan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Menurut strukturnya, sinamaldehid merupakan senyawa tak jenuh, yang dapat memicu produksi ROS dalam tubuh. ROS ini dapat bereaksi dengan DNA atau protein dan membentuk DNA Adduct. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis terbentuknya DNA Adduct 8-OHdG akibat kerusakan oksidatif DNA yang disebabkan oleh paparan sinamaldehid. Studi in vitro dilakukan dengan mereaksikan 2`-deoksiguanosin dengan sinamaldehid melalui reaksi Fenton-like. Reaksi dilakukan pada pH 7,4 dan 8,4, pada suhu 37 °C serta waktu inkubasi 7 dan 12 jam. Studi in vivo dilakukan dengan menggunakan kelompok tikus putih (Rattus norvegicus) yang dikenai paparan sinamaldehid (200 mg/kg BB) dan CuSO4 (10 mg/kg BB) selama 28 hari. Sampel urine diambil setiap minggunya. Analisis pembentukan 8-OHdG dilakukan menggunakan instrumen LC-MS/MS dengan kromatografi fase terbalik. Fasa gerak yang digunakan adalah campuran ammonium asetat 20 mM pH 4 dan asetonitril dengan gradien elusi. Hasil studi in vivo menunjukkan bahwa paparan sinamaldehid, Cu(II), dan H2O2 dapat menyebabkan pembentukan 8-OHdG, dengan produk terbanyak pada pH 7,4 dan waktu inkubasi 12 jam. Hasil studi in vivo menunjukkan bahwa paparan sinamaldehid dan Cu(II) dapat menyebabkan pembentukan 8-OHdG. Waktu pemaparan yang lebih lama menunjukkan peningkatan kadar sinamaldehid dalam urine tikus.

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Cinnamaldehyde is a chemical compound that is widely used in industrial fields and is easily found in everyday life. According to the structure, cinnamaldehyde is an unsaturated compound, which can trigger the production of ROS in the body. This ROS can react with DNA or proteins and form DNA adducts. This study aims to analyze the formation of 8-OHdG DNA Adduct due to oxidative DNA damage caused by exposure to cinnamaldehyde. In vitro studies were carried out by reacting 2`-deoxiguanosine with cinnamaldehyde, Cu(II), and H2O2 through a fenton-like reaction. The reaction was carried out at pH 7.4 and 8.4, at 37 °C and incubation times of 7 and 12 hours. In vivo studies were carried out using a group of white mice (Rattus norvegicus) which were exposed to cinnamaldehyde (200 mg/kg BW) and CuSO4 (10 mg/kg BW) for 28 days. Urine samples are taken every week. Analysis of the formation of 8-OHdG using an LC-MS/MS instrument with reverse phase chromatography. The mobile phase used was a mixture of 20 mM ammonium acetate pH 4 and acetonitrile with elution gradient. The results of in vivo studies showed that exposure to cinnamaldehyde, Cu(II), and H2O2 can cause the formation of 8-OHdG, with the most products at pH 7.4 and 12 hours incubation time. The results of in vivo studies indicate that exposure to cinnamaldehyde and Cu(II) can cause the formation of 8-OHdG. Longer exposure times showed increased levels of cinnamaldehyde in rat urine."

"From the Publisher: John Butler, bestselling author of Forensic DNA Typing, now applies his expertise on the subject of DNA analysis into an introductory textbook. Fundamentals of Forensic DNA Typing walks students step-by-step through the DNA analysis process beginning with collection of evidence at a crime scene to the statistical interpretation of the results. Also included are brief discussions of such news worthy topics as victim identification from the September 11, 2001 attacks, the identification of the remains of the Romano vs, the last Russian Royal family, and the O.J. Simpson case. New applications, such as genetic genealogy and tracing domestic pet hairs to perpetrators, are also detailed. With its clear and understandable style and extensive list of online ancillaries and study aids, this textbook will make the subject accessible to students in forensic science courses worldwide. Includes a glossary with over 400 terms for quick reference of unfamiliar terms as well as an acronym guide to decipher the DNA dialect; Continues in the style of Forensic DNA Typing, 2e, with high-profile cases addressed in D.N.A. Boxes. "Data, Notes & Applications" sections throughout; Ancillaries include: instructor manual Web site, with tailored set of 1000+ PowerPoint slides (including figures), links to online training websites and a test bank with key."

"Kanker kolorektal merupakan keganasan sel yang tumbuh dari jaringan usus besar, seperti kolon dan rektum. Kasus kanker kolorektal di Indonesia menempati urutan ketiga dengan 12,8 insiden per 100.000 penduduk usia dewasa dan memiliki nilai mortalitas sebesar 9,5% dari seluruh kasus jenis kanker. Lambatnya diagnosis kanker sejak dini dan prognosis yang buruk menyebabkan tingginya mortalitas kanker kolorektal di Indonesia dibandingkan pada beberapa negara maju. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan identifikasi biomarker, seperti deteksi ekspresi RNA yang berfungsi sebagai pemberi informasi genetik dan subjek regulasi transkripsi, untuk memahami jalur pensinyalan karsinogenesis kolorektal dalam meningkatkan prognosis dan prediksi respons terapeutik terhadap pasien. Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) merupakan subunit utama dari enzim telomerase yang memiliki peran dalam menjaga kestabilan kromosom, sehingga mengindikasi adanya pengaruh ekspresi hTERT yang tinggi terhadap perkembangan kanker kolorektal. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel jaringan normal dan kanker kolorektal yang diperoleh dari pasien pengidap kanker kolorektal dengan nilai ekspresi gen hTERT diperoleh menggunakan reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Nilai Cycle Threshold (CT) diperoleh dan dilakukan analisis statistik menggunakan aplikasi JAMOVI. Berdasarkan rumus ekspresi gen 2-IICT, ekspresi meningkat jika memiliki perhitungan ekspresi <1 dan ekspresi menurun jika memiliki perhitungan ekspresi 1<. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa sebesar 50% pasien pengidap kanker kolorektal mengalami peningkatan ekspresi gen hTERT RNA, sedangkan 50% lainnya mengalami penurunan ekspresi. Peningkatan ekspresi gen hTERT RNA pada jaringan kanker adalah sebesar 18,97 kali lebih tinggi dibandingkan jaringan normal. Namun, berdasarkan analisis statistik, ekspresi hTERT tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan antara jaringan normal dan kanker dikarenakan jumlah sampel yang sedikit.

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Colorectal cancer is a malignancy that grows from the tissues of the large intestine, such as the colon and rectum. Colorectal cancer cases in Indonesia ranks third with 12.8 incidents per 100,000 adult population and has a mortality rate of 9.5% of all cancer cases. The delay in early cancer diagnosis and poor prognosis lead to higher colorectal cancer mortality in Indonesia compared to some developed countries. Therefore, it is necessary to identify biomarkers, such as detection of RNA expression that serves as a genetic information provider and transcriptional regulatory subject, to understand the signaling pathways of colorectal carcinogenesis in improving prognosis and predicting therapeutic response in patients. Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) is the main subunit of the telomerase enzyme that has a role in maintaining chromosome stability, thus indicating the effect of high hTERT expression on the development of colorectal cancer. This study used normal tissue samples and colorectal cancer obtained from patients with colorectal cancer with hTERT gene expression values ​​obtained using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Cycle Threshold (CT) values ​​were obtained, and statistical analysis was performed using the JAMOVI application. Based on the 2-IICT gene expression formula, the expression increased if it had an expression count <1 and the expression decreased if it had an expression count of 1<. The results showed that 50% of patients with colorectal cancer had an increased expression of the hTERT RNA gene, while the other 50% had decreased expression. The increase in hTERT RNA gene expression in cancer tissue was 18.97 times higher than normal tissue. However, based on statistical analysis, hTERT expression did not show a significant difference between normal and cancer tissues due to the small number of samples."

"Bisphenol A BPA merupakan senyawa kimia yang digunakan sebagai monomer dari polikarbonat dan resin epoksi yang dapat ditemukan dalam bahan kemasan makanan. BPA dapat dengan mudah bermigrasi dari material dan diketahui dapat membentuk spesies oksigen reaktif yang menyerang molekul biologis seperti DNA. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis pembentukan DNA adduct 8-OHdG karena kerusakan oksidatif DNA yang disebabkan oleh paparan senyawa kimia BPA dan Cr VI. Studi in vivo dilakukan pada kelompok tikus Rattus norvegicus dengan paparan BPA 2 mg/kg BB dan kelompok tikus dengan paparan campuran BPA 2 mg/kg BB dan Cr VI 1,28 g/kg BB selama 28 hari. Sampel urin dikumpulkan setiap minggu. Pembentukan 8-OHdG dianalisis menggunakan LC-MS/MS dengan kromatografi fase terbalik. Fase gerak yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini adalah campuran amonium asetat pH 4,0 20 mM dan asetonitril dengan gradien elusi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa paparan BPA dan campuran BPA dengan Cr VI dapat menyebabkan pembentukan 8-OHdG yang terdapat pada urin tikus. Waktu pemaparan yang lebih lama menghasilkan peningkatan kadar pembentukan 8-OHdG. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi 8-OHdG urin meningkat yang dapat disebabkan oleh efek sinergis antara paparan BPA dengan Cr VI.

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Bisphenol A BPA is a chemical compound that used as the monomer of polycarbonate and epoxy resin that can be found in food packaging materials. BPA can easily migrate from the material and renowned to form reactive oxygen species which attack the biological molecular such as DNA.This study was conducted to analyze the formation of DNA adduct 8 OHdG due to oxidative damage of DNA caused by exposure to chemical compounds BPA and chromium VI. The in vivo study was conducted in the rat Rattus norvegicus group with exposure of BPA 2 mg kg BW and the rat group with exposure of the mixture BPA 2 mg kg BW and Cr VI 1.28 g kg BW for 28 days. Urine samples were collected every week. The formation of 8 OHdG was analyzed using LC MS MS with reverse phase chromatography. The mobile phase used in this experiment was a mixture of ammonium acetate pH 4.0 20 mM and acetonitrile with an elution gradient. The results showed that exposure of BPA and the mixture of BPA with Cr VI may cause the formation of urinary 8 OHdG in rats. The longer exposure time resulted in the increased levels of urinary 8 OHdG formation. The study also showed that urinary 8 OHdG concentration increased due to synergistic effect between BPA exposure with Cr VI."

"This thesis presents a novel coarse-grained model of DNA, in which bases are represented as rigid nucleotides. The model is shown to quantitatively reproduce many phenomena, including elastic properties of the double-stranded state, hairpin formation in single strands and hybridization of pairs of strands to form duplexes, the first time such a wide range of properties has been captured by a coarse-grained model. The scope and potential of the model is demonstrated by simulating DNA tweezers, an iconic nanodevice, and a two-footed DNA walker. The first time that coarse-grained modelling has been applied to dynamic DNA nanotechnology."