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"Adrenomedulin merupakan peptida dengan berbagai aktivitas biologi baik pada keadaan fisiologis maupun pada keganasan. Pada keganasan adrenomedulin berperan sebagai faktor stimulasi proliferasi, menghambat apoptosis, serta menginduksi angiogenesis. Ekspresi adrenomedulin terutama dipengaruhi oleh hipoksia sehingga adrenomedulin banyak ditemukan pada berbagai tumor solid. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis ekspresi Adrenomedulin jaringan karsinoma payudara invasif NST baik yang metastasis dan non-metastasis, serta dilihat hubungan adrenomedulin dengan jumlah mitosis dan apoptosis yang dilakukan dengan memeriksa ekspresi Caspase-3. Metode penelitian: pada 50 kasus karsinoma payudara invasif NST dengan 25 sampel non-metastasis (N0) dan 25 sampel sisanya adalah sampel metastasis (N1) dilakukan pemeriksaan ekspresi adrenomedulin dan Caspase-3 dengan pulasan imunohistokimia, serta jumlah mitosis dengan pulasan HE. Hasil : ada perbedaan bermakna ekspresi Adrenomedulin pada jaringan karsinoma payudara invasif NST metastasis dengan non-metastasis (p=0,002) dan terdapat korelasi (koefisien korelasi Spearman 0, 490) antara ekspresi adrenomedulin dengan metastasis, ada perbedaan bermakna ekspresi Caspase-3 pada jaringan karsinoma payudara invasif NST metastasis dengan non-metastasis (p=0,038) dan ada korelasi (koefisien korelasi Spearman 0, 327) antara ekspresi Caspase-3 dengan metastasis, namun tidak ada perbedaan bermakna jumlah mitosis pada jaringan karsinoma payudara invasif NST metastasis dengan non-metastasis (p=0,004) dan tidak ditemukan korelasi (koefisien korelasi Spearman 0,188) antara mitosis dengan metastasis, tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara ekspresi adrenomedulin dengan ekspresi Caspase-3 (p=0,697) maupun dengan mitosis (p=0,711) pada jaringan karsinoma payudara invasif NST metastasis dengan non-metastasis.

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Adrenomedullin is a peptide hormone with many biological activities either in physiological conditions or malignancy. Adrenomedullin in malignancy acts as a factor in stimulating proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis, and induces angiogenesis. Its secretion is influenced by hypoxia condition and cytokine secretion. Adrenomedullin is found in variety of solid tumors. The purpose of this study was to analyze the expression of adrenomedullin in invasive carcinoma NST of the breast tissue both metastatic and non-metastatic, and its relations with mitosis count and apoptosis.

Methods: in 50 cases of invasive carcinoma NST of the breast with 25 samples of non-metastatic (N0) and 25 metastastic (N1) samples were examined for the expression of adrenomedullin and Caspase-3 that investigated by immunohistochemistry staining, and mitosis count by HE staining. Apoptosis was investigated by the expression of caspase-3.

Results: There is significance differences of Adrenomedullin expression in breast invasive cancer NST tissue with metastasis compare to non-metastasis (p = 0.002) and correlation between the expression of adrenomedullin with metastasis to regional lymph node (Spearman coefficient correlation 0.490), there is significance differences of Caspase-3 expression in breast invasive cancer NST tissue with metastasis compare to non-metastasis (p = 0.038) and there is correlation between the expression of Caspase-3 with metastasis to regional lymph node (Spearman coefficient correlation 0.327), but there isn‟t significance differences in mitosis count between metastasis and non-metastasis (p = 0.906), there is no correlation between the expression of adrenomedullin and the expression of Caspase-3 (Spearman coefficient correlation 0.089) and mitosis (Spearman coefficient correlation 0.099).

Conclusion: adrenomedullin expression are found correlate to metastasis to the lymph nodes in breast cancer invasive NST, but there were no correlation with mitosis and apoptosis."

"[ABSTRAKTujuan: Menentukan hubungan ukuran tumor dan derajat histopatologi dengan metastasis tulang pada pasien kanker payudara berusia dibawah 40 tahun di RS Kanker Dharmais, membantu meningkatkan kualitas tatalaksana bagi klinisi.Metode: Analisa menggunakan data sekunder. Hasil ukuran tumor dikelompokkan menjadi ≤ 5 cm dan > 5 cm berdasarkan AJCC TNM staging system diperoleh melalui pencitraan radiologi payudara dari sistem PACS dan derajat histopatologi menurut derajat histopatologi Nottingham kombinasi diperoleh dari hasil ekspertise patologi anatomi, serta evaluasi metastasis tulang menggunakan skintigrafi tulang berdasarkan total populasi pasien kanker payudara berusia dibawah 40 tahun.Hasil: Jumlah subyek penelitian 32 perempuan kanker payudara berusia dibawah 40 tahun periode Januari 2011 hingga Juli 2014 di RS Kanker Dharmais. Tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara ukuran tumor dengan metastasis tulang (P= 0,715 (Fisher exact test), OR=1,71 (0,32-9,36)). Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara derajat histopatologi dengan metastasis tulang (P=0,010, P < 0,05).Dari 10 subyek derajat histopatologi tinggi, ternyata semua subyek mengalami metastasis tulang negatif. Pada subyek dengan derajat histopatologi sedang didapatkan 8 dari 15 subyek yang mengalami metastasis tulang. Pada subyek penelitian dengan derajat histopatologi rendah didapatkan 6 dari 7 subyek mengalami metastasis tulang negatif. Rerata usia 33,2 tahun dan simpang baku 3,7 tahun memiliki kejadian metastasis tulang lebih tinggi (P=0,024). Terdapat data tambahan dan ditemukan hubungan yang bermakna antara Cerb-b2/HER-2 positif dengan metastasis tulang (P=0,049 (P < 0,05), Odds Ratio=5,67 (0,84 ? 43,16)).Prevalensi metastasis tulang yaitu sebesar 28,1%.Kesimpulan: Pasien kanker payudara berusia dibawah 40 tahun dengan ukuran tumor besar tidak memiliki kejadian metastasis tulang lebih tinggi. Pasien dengan derajat histopatologi tinggi tidak memiliki kejadian metastasis tulang lebih tinggi, namun ditemukan angka kejadian metastasis tulang lebih tinggi pada derajat histopatologi sedang. Terdapat dua faktor lain yang juga mempunyai hubungan dengan kejadian metastasis tulang yaitu usia dan Cerb-br/HER-2. Rerata usia 33,2 tahun dengan simpang baku 3,7 tahun pada pasien kanker payudara berusia di bawah 40 tahun memiliki kejadian metastasis tulang lebih tinggi. Cerb-b2/HER-2 positif pada pasien kanker payudara berusia di bawah 40 tahun memiliki kejadian metastasis tulang lebih tinggi dengan resiko kejadian sebesar 5,67 kali. Prevalensi metastasis tulang cukup tinggi pada pasien kanker payudara berusia dibawah 40 tahun yaitu sebesar 28,1%.

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ABSTRACTObjective: Determine the relationship of tumor size and histopathology grade with bone metastases in breast cancer patients under 40 years old in Dharmais Cancer Hospital, to help improve the quality of management of the clinician.Methods: Analysis using secondary data. The results of tumor size are grouped into ≤ 5 cm and> 5 cm based on the AJCC TNM staging system from PACS system, obtained through breast radiology imaging and histopathologic grade according to histopathological Nottingham combination obtained from the anatomical pathology expertise, the evaluation of bone metastases using bone scintigraphy. These analyses are based on the total population of breast cancer patients under 40 years old.Results: The study subjects are 32 female breast cancer under 40 years old from January 2011 to July 2014 Dharmais Cancer Hospital. There is no significant relationship between the tumor size with bone metastasis (P = 0.715 (Fisher exact test), OR = 1.71 (0.32 to 9.36)). There is a significant relationship between the histopathology grade with bone metastases (P = 0.010, P <0.05). From 10 subjects with high grade histopathology, all subjects have no bone metastases. In subjects with moderate grade histopatholog, 8 of 15 subjects have bone metastases. In subjects with a low grade histopathology showed 6 of 7 subjects have no bone metastases. The mean age of 33.2 years and standard deviations of 3.7 years had a higher incidence of bone metastases (P = 0.024). There are additional data and found a significant association between Cerb-b2 / HER-2 positive patients with bone metastases (P = 0.049 (P <0.05), odds ratio = 5.67 (0.84 to 43.16)). The prevalence bone metastasis is equal to 28.1%.Conclusion: Breast cancer patients under 40 years with large tumor size did not have a higher incidence of bone metastases. Patients with a high grade histopathology do not have higher incidence of bone metastases, but found the incidence of bone metastases was higher in moderate grade histopathology. There are two other factors that also have a relationship with the incidence of bone metastases, that are age and Cerb-br / HER-2. The mean age of 33.2 years with standard deviations of 3.7 years in patients with breast cancer under 40 years old have a higher incidence of bone metastases. Cerb-b2 / HER-2 positive breast cancer patients under 40 years old have a higher incidence of bone metastases with the risk of occurrence 5.67 times. The prevalence of bone metastases in breast cancer patients under the age of 40 years is quite high equal to 28.1%.;Objective: Determine the relationship of tumor size and histopathology grade with bone metastases in breast cancer patients under 40 years old in Dharmais Cancer Hospital, to help improve the quality of management of the clinician.Methods: Analysis using secondary data. The results of tumor size are grouped into ≤ 5 cm and> 5 cm based on the AJCC TNM staging system from PACS system, obtained through breast radiology imaging and histopathologic grade according to histopathological Nottingham combination obtained from the anatomical pathology expertise, the evaluation of bone metastases using bone scintigraphy. These analyses are based on the total population of breast cancer patients under 40 years old.Results: The study subjects are 32 female breast cancer under 40 years old from January 2011 to July 2014 Dharmais Cancer Hospital. There is no significant relationship between the tumor size with bone metastasis (P = 0.715 (Fisher exact test), OR = 1.71 (0.32 to 9.36)). There is a significant relationship between the histopathology grade with bone metastases (P = 0.010, P <0.05). From 10 subjects with high grade histopathology, all subjects have no bone metastases. In subjects with moderate grade histopatholog, 8 of 15 subjects have bone metastases. In subjects with a low grade histopathology showed 6 of 7 subjects have no bone metastases. The mean age of 33.2 years and standard deviations of 3.7 years had a higher incidence of bone metastases (P = 0.024). There are additional data and found a significant association between Cerb-b2 / HER-2 positive patients with bone metastases (P = 0.049 (P <0.05), odds ratio = 5.67 (0.84 to 43.16)). The prevalence bone metastasis is equal to 28.1%.Conclusion: Breast cancer patients under 40 years with large tumor size did not have a higher incidence of bone metastases. Patients with a high grade histopathology do not have higher incidence of bone metastases, but found the incidence of bone metastases was higher in moderate grade histopathology. There are two other factors that also have a relationship with the incidence of bone metastases, that are age and Cerb-br / HER-2. The mean age of 33.2 years with standard deviations of 3.7 years in patients with breast cancer under 40 years old have a higher incidence of bone metastases. Cerb-b2 / HER-2 positive breast cancer patients under 40 years old have a higher incidence of bone metastases with the risk of occurrence 5.67 times. The prevalence of bone metastases in breast cancer patients under the age of 40 years is quite high equal to 28.1%.;Objective: Determine the relationship of tumor size and histopathology grade with bone metastases in breast cancer patients under 40 years old in Dharmais Cancer Hospital, to help improve the quality of management of the clinician.Methods: Analysis using secondary data. The results of tumor size are grouped into ≤ 5 cm and> 5 cm based on the AJCC TNM staging system from PACS system, obtained through breast radiology imaging and histopathologic grade according to histopathological Nottingham combination obtained from the anatomical pathology expertise, the evaluation of bone metastases using bone scintigraphy. These analyses are based on the total population of breast cancer patients under 40 years old.Results: The study subjects are 32 female breast cancer under 40 years old from January 2011 to July 2014 Dharmais Cancer Hospital. There is no significant relationship between the tumor size with bone metastasis (P = 0.715 (Fisher exact test), OR = 1.71 (0.32 to 9.36)). There is a significant relationship between the histopathology grade with bone metastases (P = 0.010, P <0.05). From 10 subjects with high grade histopathology, all subjects have no bone metastases. In subjects with moderate grade histopatholog, 8 of 15 subjects have bone metastases. In subjects with a low grade histopathology showed 6 of 7 subjects have no bone metastases. The mean age of 33.2 years and standard deviations of 3.7 years had a higher incidence of bone metastases (P = 0.024). There are additional data and found a significant association between Cerb-b2 / HER-2 positive patients with bone metastases (P = 0.049 (P <0.05), odds ratio = 5.67 (0.84 to 43.16)). The prevalence bone metastasis is equal to 28.1%.Conclusion: Breast cancer patients under 40 years with large tumor size did not have a higher incidence of bone metastases. Patients with a high grade histopathology do not have higher incidence of bone metastases, but found the incidence of bone metastases was higher in moderate grade histopathology. There are two other factors that also have a relationship with the incidence of bone metastases, that are age and Cerb-br / HER-2. The mean age of 33.2 years with standard deviations of 3.7 years in patients with breast cancer under 40 years old have a higher incidence of bone metastases. Cerb-b2 / HER-2 positive breast cancer patients under 40 years old have a higher incidence of bone metastases with the risk of occurrence 5.67 times. The prevalence of bone metastases in breast cancer patients under the age of 40 years is quite high equal to 28.1%., Objective: Determine the relationship of tumor size and histopathology grade with bone metastases in breast cancer patients under 40 years old in Dharmais Cancer Hospital, to help improve the quality of management of the clinician.Methods: Analysis using secondary data. The results of tumor size are grouped into ≤ 5 cm and> 5 cm based on the AJCC TNM staging system from PACS system, obtained through breast radiology imaging and histopathologic grade according to histopathological Nottingham combination obtained from the anatomical pathology expertise, the evaluation of bone metastases using bone scintigraphy. These analyses are based on the total population of breast cancer patients under 40 years old.Results: The study subjects are 32 female breast cancer under 40 years old from January 2011 to July 2014 Dharmais Cancer Hospital. There is no significant relationship between the tumor size with bone metastasis (P = 0.715 (Fisher exact test), OR = 1.71 (0.32 to 9.36)). There is a significant relationship between the histopathology grade with bone metastases (P = 0.010, P <0.05). From 10 subjects with high grade histopathology, all subjects have no bone metastases. In subjects with moderate grade histopatholog, 8 of 15 subjects have bone metastases. In subjects with a low grade histopathology showed 6 of 7 subjects have no bone metastases. The mean age of 33.2 years and standard deviations of 3.7 years had a higher incidence of bone metastases (P = 0.024). There are additional data and found a significant association between Cerb-b2 / HER-2 positive patients with bone metastases (P = 0.049 (P <0.05), odds ratio = 5.67 (0.84 to 43.16)). The prevalence bone metastasis is equal to 28.1%.Conclusion: Breast cancer patients under 40 years with large tumor size did not have a higher incidence of bone metastases. Patients with a high grade histopathology do not have higher incidence of bone metastases, but found the incidence of bone metastases was higher in moderate grade histopathology. There are two other factors that also have a relationship with the incidence of bone metastases, that are age and Cerb-br / HER-2. The mean age of 33.2 years with standard deviations of 3.7 years in patients with breast cancer under 40 years old have a higher incidence of bone metastases. Cerb-b2 / HER-2 positive breast cancer patients under 40 years old have a higher incidence of bone metastases with the risk of occurrence 5.67 times. The prevalence of bone metastases in breast cancer patients under the age of 40 years is quite high equal to 28.1%.]"

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Karsinoma urotelial kandung kemih merupakan kasus terbanyak di organ kandung kemih mencapai 90% kasus. Stadium dibedakan menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu non invasif jika belum menembus lapisan muskularis dan invasif jika sudah menembus lapisan muskularis. Kesintasan 5 tahun tergantung dari derajat keganasan dan stadium. Derajat keganasan rendah dan belum invasi muskuler dapat mencapai 90 %, tetapi angka rekurensi berkisar 40-60%. Derajat keganasan tinggi dan sudah invasi hanya berkisar 10-17%. Mitosis dan invasi limfovaskuler berhubungan dengan angka rekurensi tinggi. Namun masih terdapat kontroversial terhadap ekspresi Bcl-2 pada karsinoma urotelial kandung kemih. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai perbedaan ekspresi Bcl-2 dengan 4 faktor yang berhubungan dengan prognosis yaitu derajat keganasan, stadium, mitosis, dan invasi limfovaskuler.Bahan dan cara: Dilakukan penelitian deskriptif analitik secara potong lintang pada karsinoma urotelial kandung kemih tahun 2010-2014 di Departemen Patologi Anatomi FKUI/RSCM. Didapatkan 21 kasus derajat keganasan rendah dan 21 kasus derajat keganasan tinggi. Dilakukan pulasan Bcl-2 pada seluruh kasus dan dihitung persentasenya dan dilakukan skoring 0-3.Hasil: Usia terbanyak pada dekade 5 sebanyak 27 kasus. Didapatkan 4 kasus ditemukan invasi limfovaskuler. Penelitian ini mendapatkan hubungan antara mitosis dengan derajat keganasan(p:0,000)dengan koefisien korelasi 0,512 Penelitian ini mendapatkan hampir seluruh kasus mengekspresikan Bcl-2 (39 dari 42 kasus), 1 kasus tidak mengekspresikan dan 2 kasus mengekpresikan sedikit. Tidak didapatkan perbedaan antara ekspresi Bcl-2 dengan derajat keganasan (p:0,232), stadium(p:0,455), mitosis(p:0,835), dan invasi limfovaskuler(p:0,087).Kesimpulan: Tidak terdapat perbedaan ekspresi Bcl-2 dengan derajat keganasan, stadium, mitosis, dan invasi limfovaskuler.

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ABSTRACT

Background: Urothelial carcinoma comprises of 90% of all cases in bladder. There are two groups which are non invasive depend on whether the tumor has reached muscularis mucosa. 5-Years survival rate depend on grading and staging. Low malignant grade and non invasive can reach 90% survival rate, with recurrence rate 40-60%. High malignant grade and invasive tumor has only10-17% survival rate. Mitosis and lymphovascular invasion are related with recurrency. However, there are some controvesi regarding Bcl-2 expression in bladder urothelial carcinoma. This study aimed to evaluate different expression of Bcl-2 with 4 related factors contributy to survival, which are degree of malignancy, stage, mitosis, and lymphovascular invasion.

Material and methods: A retrospective and cross sectional study of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder was conducted in 2010-2014 in the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of medicine / RSCM. In this study found 21 cases of low grade and 21 cases of high high grade. Bcl-2 staining performed in all cases and percentages are calculated and made scoring 0-3.

Results: Most case is fifth decade as many as 27 cases. Obtained 4 cases found limfovaskuler invasion. This study obtains the relationship between mitosis with grade of tumor (p: 0.000). There were no differences between the expression of Bcl-2 with the degree of malignancy stage , mitosis and lymphovascular invasion.

Conclusions: There were no associated expression of Bcl-2 with the degree of malignancy, stage, mitosis, and invasion limfovaskuler."

"ABSTRAKKanker colorektal merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang utama. Banyak penelitian telah membuktikan bahwa kedelai memiliki kemampuan kemopreventif dan anti kanker. Penelitian ini menyelidiki hambatan karsinogenesis ekstrak biji kedelai EK dan bungkil kedelai EB yang mengandung lunasin pada model kanker kolon in vivo. Pada penelitian ini menggunakan mencit jantan Swiss Webster berusia 12 minggu yang diinduksi azoxymethane AOM 10 mg/kg dan dextran natrium sulfat DSS 2 . Apoptosis, displasia, hiperplasia dan mitosis merupakan penanda terjadinya karsinogenesis kolon. Hasilnya pemberian ekstrak biji dan bungkil kedelai meningkatkan apoptosis p= 0,001 , dengan efek terbaik ditunjukkan oleh EK2 150 mg/ 20gr BB p= 0,009 dan EB1 75 mg/ 20gr BB p =0,436 . Pemberian ekstrak biji dan bungkil kedelai menurunkan displasia 0,024 , dengan efek terbaik ditunjukkan oleh EK3 200 mg/ 20gr BB p=0,0002 dan EB3 200 mg/ 20gr BB p= 0,003 . Pemberian ekstrak biji dan bungkil kedelai menurunkan hiperplasia 0,000 , dengan efek terbaik ditunjukkan oleh EK3 200 mg/ 20gr BB p=0,000 dan EB3 200 mg/ 20gr BB p= 0,002 . Pemberian ekstrak biji dan bungkil kedelai menurunkan mitosis 0,008 , dengan efek terbaik ditunjukkan oleh EK3 200 mg/ 20gr BB p=0,003 dan EB1 75 mg/ 20gr BB p= 0,173 . Pemberian ekstrak biji dan bungkil dapat menghambat karsinogenesis kolon ditinjau dari meningkatnya apoptosis serta berkurangnya displasia, hiperplasia, dan mitosis sel.

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ABSTRACTColon cancer is major public health problems. Many research prove that soybeans shown chemopreventive and anti cancer effect. This study investigates the inhibition of carcinogenesis soybean seed extract EK and soybean meal extract EB containing lunasin in colon cancer models in vivo. In this study use male Swiss Webster mice aged 12 weeks induced azoxymethane AOM 10 mg kg and dextran sodium sulfate DSS 2 . Apoptosis, dysplasia, hyperplasia and mitosis is a marker of colon carcinogenesis. The result is the provision of soybean seed and soybean meal increase apoptosis p 0.001 , with the best effects shown by EK2 150 mg 20gr BB p 0.009 and EB1 75 mg 20gr BB p 0.436 . Soybean seed and soybean meal extract decrease dysplasia p 0.024 , with the best effect shown by EK3 200 mg 20gr BB p 0.0002 and EB3 200 mg 20gr BB p 0.003 . Soybean seed extract and soybean meal extract decrease hyperplasia p 0.000 , with the best effects shown by EK3 200 mg 20gr BB p 0.000 and EB3 200 mg 20gr BB p 0.002 . Soybean seed and soybean meal extract decrease mitosis p 0.008 , with the best effect shown by EK3 200 mg 20gr BB p 0.003 and EB1 75 mg 20gr BB p 0.173 . Soybean seeds and soybean meal extract can inhibit colon carcinogenesis in terms of increase apoptosis and decrease dysplasia, hyperplasia and mitosis."

"Penelitian kromosom meiosis dan berbagai tahapan pembelahan sel dari beberapa stages perkembangan bunga Hibiscus schizopetalus telah dilakukan sejak bulan Maret hingga Mei 2018. Penelitian ini mengamati kromosom meiosis dan melihat berbagai tahapan pembelahan sel yang ditemukan pada stage 1 sampai 6 yang dikaitkan dengan proses mikrosporogenesis dan karakteristik kromosom haploid atau diploid yang ditemukan pada tiap stages tersebut. Sampel kuncup bunga yang digunakan dalam penelitian diisolasi dari stage 1 sampai 6 dan dikumpulkan pada pukul 09.00 WIB. Sampel kuncup bunga yang berada pada stage 1 sampai 3 diisolasi dari bagian calyx dan epicalyx-nya, sedangkan sampel kuncup bunga yang berada pada stage 4 sampai 6 diisolasi bagian anther-nya untuk digunakan dalam penelitian. Preparat kromosom dibuat dengan menggunakan metode squash aceto-orcein. Hasil pengamatan kromosom menunjukkan bahwa kecenderungan pembelahan meiosis 1 ditemukan pada stage 1 sampai 3, sedangkan pembelahan meiosis 2 cenderung ditemukan pada stage 4 sampai 6. Struktur mikrospora diketahui ditemukan pada stage 4, 5, dan 6, sedangkan struktur polen ditemukan pada stage 6. Peluang ditemukannya kromosom yang bersifat haploid semakin tinggi seiring dengan peningkatan stages perkembangan bunga. Diperlukan studi lebih lanjut terkait kromosom dan pembelahan sel pada stages perkembangan bunga dari tanaman lain.

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The research on meiotic chromosome and various cell division phases from several stages of Hibiscus schizopetalus flower development had been conducted from March to May 2018. This research observed meiotic chromosome and discovered the various cell division phases that took place in stages 1 to 6 of the flower developmental stages. The association of the results with the process of microsporogenesis and the chromosomal characteristics haploid or diploid which were found at those stages were further assessed.

Flower buds that were used in the study were isolated from stages 1 to 6 and were collected at 9 A.M. Flower buds from stages 1 to 3 were isolated from the calyx and epicalyx, while flower buds from stages 4 to 6 were isolated on the anther part. Chromosome preparation was carried out using the method of aceto orcein squash.

The result of chromosomal observation found that the tendency of meiosis 1 was found in stages 1 to 3, whereas meiosis 2 tended to be found in stages 4 to 6. The microspore structure was found in stage 4, 5, and 6, while the structure of pollen was found in stage 6. Haploid chromosomes were found to increase along with the increase of the stages of flower development. Further studies are needed to learn more about chromosome and cell division in the flower developmental stages of other plants. "

"Penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu pengambilan pucuk daun terhadap fase mitosis Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. variasi double red telah dilakukan sejak Januari 2018 hingga Mei 2018. Pembuatan preparat kromosom dilakukan menggunakan metode squashing yang terdiri dari tahap pengambilan bahan, pretreatment, fiksasi, hidrolisis, dan squashing/pemencetan. Pengambilan pucuk daun dilakukan pada lima waktu yang berbeda, yaitu pukul 08.00 WIB, 09.00 WIB, 10.00 WIB, 11.00 WIB, dan 12.00 WIB. Waktu pengambilan pucuk yang menunjukkan persentase profase akhir tertinggi dan interfase yang rendah dijadikan parameter waktu terbaik pengambilan pucuk daun H. rosa-sinensis L. variasi double red untuk studi kromosom. Morfologi dan jumlah kromosom diamati di bawah mikroskop Leica DM500 dengan perbesaran 10 x 40 dan 10 x 100, dan dihitung menggunakan aplikasi ImageJ. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengambilan sampel pukul 10.00 WIB merupakan waktu terbaik untuk observasi kromosom. Pengaruh waktu pengambilan pucuk daun terhadap fase mitosis dapat dilihat melalui fase interfase dan profase akhir. Hasil uji Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan adanya pengaruh waktu pengambilan pucuk daun terhadap fase interfase dan profase akhir sel pucuk daun H. rosa-sinensis L. variasi double red P < 0,05 . Berdasarkan hasil Uji Mann Whitney pada kedua fase tersebut, pengambilan pucuk daun pukul 10.00 WIB tidak berbeda nyata dengan pukul 11.00 WIB. Morfologi kromosom H. rosa-sinensis L. variasi double red yang diperoleh berukuran kecil, dengan jumlah kromosom yang banyak 2n=ca. 26--46 dan bersifat miksoploidi. Hasil penelitian ini dapat dijadikan dasar untuk penelitian terkait kromosom selanjutnya.

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The study to determine the effect of leaf rsquo s shoots sampling time on mitotic phases of Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. double red flower has been carried out from January 2018 until May 2018. Preparation of chromosome slides was done using a squashing method. The method consist of sampling stage, pretreatment, fixation, hydrolysis, and squashing punching. The sampling has been done at five different times, at 08.00 a.m, 09.00 a.m, 10.00 a.m, 11.00 a.m, and 12.00 a.m. The sampling time showing the highest late prophase percentage and lowest interphase were determined as the most optimum time for H. rosa sinensis L. double red flower leaf rsquo s shoots sampling for chromosome studies. Morphology and number of chromosomes were observed under the Leica DM500 microscope with magnification 10 x 40 and 10 x 100, and calculated using the ImageJ application. The results showed that 10.00 a.m. was the most optimum time for chromosome observation. The effect of leaf rsquo s shoots sampling time on the mitotic phases can be seen through the percentage of interphase and late prophase. The result of Kruskal Wallis test showed that leaf rsquo s shoots sampling time had a significantly effect on interphase and late prophase of cell phase Hibiscus rosa sinensis double red flower leaf rsquo s shoots P 0,05 . Based on Mann Whitney test of both phases, leaf rsquo s shoots sampling time at 10.00 a.m did not significantly affect with 11.00 a.m. The chromosome of H. rosa sinensis L. double red flower obtained in this study has small size with large numbers of chromosomes 2n ca.26 46 and were mixoploid. The results of this study would be beneficial for further chromosome analysis."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu pengambilan pucuk daun terhadap fase pembelahan sel dan mengetahui waktu optimum pengambilan pucuk daun untuk mengamati fase pembelahan sel Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. variasi single pink besar. Waktu pengambilan pucuk yang dilakukan yaitu pada pukul 08:00--16:00 WIB, dengan jarak waktu dua jam yaitu pada pukul 08:00, 10:00, 12:00, 14:00, 16:00 WIB. Metode squash dengan pewarna Aceto-orcein digunakan untuk pembuatan sediaan kromosom. Tahapan perlakuan meliputi perendaman pucuk daun di dalam air dingin selama 3 jam, fiksasi dalam larutan Carnoy selama 24 jam, dan hidrolisis dalam larutan HCl 5N selama 30 menit. Data perhitungan jumlah setiap fase sel interfase, profase awal, profase akhir, metafase, anafase, dan telofase dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji Kruskall-Wallis. Jumlah profase akhir yang tinggi, serta jumlah interfase, metafase, anafase, dan telofase yang rendah digunakan untuk waktu optimum pengambilan pucuk untuk studi kromosom. Hasil uji Kruskall-Wallis menunjukkan bahwa waktu pengambilan pucuk berpengaruh terhadap fase sel interfase, profase awal, dan profase akhir pucuk daun Hibiscus rosa-sinensis. Pukul 10:00 merupakan waktu optimum pengambilan pucuk untuk studi kromosom. Morfologi kromosom Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. variasi single pink besar yang diperoleh berukuran kecil, dengan jumlah kromosom banyak 2n=ca. 69--111 dan bersifat mixoploid.

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ABSTRACTThe research conducted to determine the effect on collecting the leaf shoots time of the phase of cell division and to find out the optimal time of collecting the leaf shoots time to observe the phase of cell division of Hibiscus rosa sinensis. Period time of collection the leaf shoots is from 08 00 AM to 16 00 PM, with two hours gap each at 08 00, 10 00, 12 00, 14 00, 16 00 pm. The squash method with Aceto orcein dye used for making preparation of chromosomes. Treatment steps include soaking the leaf shoots in cold water for 3 hours, fixation in Carnoy solution for 24 hours, and hydrolysis in 5N HCl solution for 30 minutes. The total calculated data on the number of each cell phase interphase, early prophase, late prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase were analyzed by Kruskall Wallis test. The high number of resulted prophase, as well as low number of interphase, metaphase, anaphase, and low telophase are used to determine the optimum time of collecting the leaf shoots for chromosome studies. The result of Kruskall Wallis test showed that shoots sampling time had a significantly effect on interphase, early prophase, and late prophase of cell phase Hibiscus rosa sinensis leaf shoots. The optimum time of collection the leaf shoots for chromosome study is at 10 00 The results showed that leafs shoots sampling at 10 00 is the optimum time of shooting for chromosome studies. The chromosome morphology of Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. large single pink flower resulted small size, with numorous chromosomes number 2n ca. 69 111 and mixoploid."